Medicine and Public health in Nahj Al-Balaghah

Author: Dr. Yahya Kadhim Al-Sultani (Emeritus Professor)

Translators:

Prof. Dr. Yahya Kadhim Al-Sultani

Prof. Dr. Ali Abdulzahra Al-fahham

First Edition: 2023

Advisors and Publisher:

Imam Amir al-Mu'minin, (peace be upon him), Center for Specialized Studies and Research

Printed by:

Dar Al Diaa for Printing and Design | Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf

I.S.B.N. 978-9922-9391-0-0

Consigning Number 235/2023 A.D.

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Health from the Islamic perspective is seen as a human necessity and a basic need for every person. Its causes, and prevention, and for that, Islam laid down the general rules to ward off harm to human health and preserve his life.

From these concepts, the author Professor Dr. Yahya Al- Sultani set out to embody the hadiths of the master of eloquence and the emir of the eloquent Imam, the Commander of the Faithful Ali bin Abi Talib, peace be upon him, in the topics of medicine and public health in its general principles through his understanding of the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah and its practical application, and through the methods and methods of treating some physical diseases. And the psyche by means of herbs, flowers and fruits, and he is not satisfied with talking about man, but extends him to animals, plants and the environment, and he mentioned the benefits of some foods and warns about some of them in special sick cases.

Many golden opinions on the science of medicine have been reported on the authority of the Imam, peace be upon him, indicating his comprehension of this science and his complete knowledge of its secret, He is the one who says about the amazing organs and systems that the human body contains:

"Do you think that you are a small crime and in you is the greater world involved?

Your medicine is in you and what you see, and your medicine is from you and what you feel"

Therefore, the Imam Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him) Center for Specialized Studies and Research worked to print and publish this book in the English language - because it is printed in Arabic and the center aims to spread this immortal travel to various parts of the world in order to spread the thought and

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heritage of the Imam, the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) on the one hand, and to be Benefit to the individual and society because of the useful and effective medical advice for public health on the other hand.

And the God of the intent behind.

Imam Amir al-Mu'minin, (peace be upon him), Center for Specialized Studies and Research

Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf

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In addition to depend on Nahj Al-Balaghah book to show the wisdom and orders related to scientific sides, we have also depended on the wise sayings and commands of the Imam peace be upon him which were narrated in a few other sources, and from another side, the sayings of the Imam were supported and assisted with the clear verses of the holy Quran and of the holy sayings of the prophet and that's to confirm the strong bond between Nahj Al- Balaghah book and the clinical knowledge.

Medicine is a noble human profession that includes various sciences. However, Health is defined by the World Health Organization as: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

And it is a holy field of knowledge in all religions and it has a respected position by Allah exalted and glorified be He and all people because it aims at saving people from the afflictions of illness and provide recovery for them, and medicine was connected to religion to a great extent even the Divine religions showed their interest in medicine through what was mentioned in the holy books about this kind of scientific knowledge.

For example, there were many messengers and prophets who practiced medicine and showed a big interest in it like: Idris, Job, Solomon and Jesus peace be upon them. As for Muhammad may Allah pray upon him and his household, he used to treat himself and he ordered his sick household and companions to do that and Dr. San Giorgio Darilano who was one of the major medical experts in the French history said: "It's correct to say that Muhammad wasn't just the first physician in Islam but rather he was the first one to author an excellent medical book which was called the Prophetic medicine".

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That was the case with the Commander of the Faithful Ali peace be upon him who was very interested in medicine and he put through Nahj Al-Balaghah book the first seed of the creation of the medical and clinical sciences for the people who came after him and his sons and grandsons who were the Imams (leaders) peace be upon them took from him until they became the masters of the medical fields beside the fields of jurisprudence and interpretation of the Quran. So, it is safe to say that Nahj Al-Balaghah book with The Prophetic medicine book have laid the corner-stone of creating the medicine of Ahlulbayt (the household of the prophet).

We have interpreted the sayings of the Imam peace be upon him according to the information of modern medicine and we explored that in a simple way that is far to some extent from the complex medical terms that might be hard to understand by the Non-specialist reader.

Also, I have used a way of writing that suits the present time so the dear reader can notice the genius of the Imam who died 14 centuries ago and yet his wise sayings and commands are still being studied in scientific researches and they will remain the lantern which we use for guidance in the course of research and studying.

At the end, I must present my great thank for my dear brothers: Dr. Ali Ibraheem Rahim who is a teacher in the faculty of medicine, and Dr. Abdelkarim al-Naffakh who is a teacher in the Technical Institute of al-Najaf for their valuable notes during the preparation of the draft of the book.

I also have to thank my son Sayyed Sameer Yahya al-Sultani who is a teacher of biology in the Public Department of Education of Al-Najaf governorate for typesetting the book.

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I hope that I was successful in doing that and Allah is the grantor of success.

Professor Doctor

Yahya Kadhim al-Sultani

Al- Najaf Al-Ashraf : 23-1-2012

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(government) and life after the prophet was 30 years and he was the Caliph for 5 years and 6 months.

He, also, was the first one to believe in Allah's messenger and his prophethood and he was raised and reared by him.

messenger taught me a thousand door of knowledge and from each door a thousand doors were opened"(1)

4. Shibli Shumayyil(1) said: "The great conscience of Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib is the greatest of the great and it's a peerless copy that neither the East nor the West have seen a duplicate of it, neither anciently nor recently".

5. Būlus Salamah(2) said about Imam Ali: "A man whose name is mentioned by hundreds of millions of people in the East and West five times a day, Christians mention him in their gatherings and they follow his wisdom and become pious for his fear of God, and the apathetic mention him in their Monasteries and thus they increase their asceticism and religiousness, and the thinker looks at him and he seeks light by following this brilliant leading personality, and the brilliant writer looks at him and follows his eloquence, and the knowledgeable jurist depends on him and seeks guidance by following his rules". And He wrote about him in his immortal epic: "O Heaven, witness! O Earth, submit.... and humble yourself for I have mentioned Ali. He is the honor of history, not of some people.... who claim to follow him as a leader.

6. Suleiman Kittani(3) the author of "Imam Ali a Lantern and a Resort" said: "Ali is honesty itself in the human thought... and he is the source of all great human messages on the face of the Earth".

7. Ibn Abu Al-Hadid(4) said: "Look at the eloquence how it gives this man its bridle and makes him its controller. So, exalted .

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be Allah who gave this man these valuable merits and noble characteristics, that a young man who is a son of the Arabs of Mecca and who didn't interact with the wise, yet he became more knowledgeable of wisdom than Plato and Aristotle and he didn't live with the masters of creationist wisdom, yet he became more knowledgeable of this field than Socrates, and he wasn't raised among the brave because the people of Mecca were merchants, yet he became the most courageous man ever walked on the Earth".

8. Al-Jahiz(1) said: "I heard Al-Nazzam saying: Ali ibn Abu Talib is a strife for the speaker, if he gives him his right then he has exceeded, and if he doesn't give him his right then he has undervalued him, and the middle position is very light, sharp on the tongue and hard to get except for the smart expert".

9. Doctor Taha Hussain(2) said: "The difference between Ali and Muawiya was great in the biography and politics since Ali believed in Caliphate and though that the right thing to do is to establish justice in its broadest meanings among people. However, Muawiya didn't have a problem or offence with that. So, greed people found what they wanted with him and apathetic people found what they liked with Ali”. (3).

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"Yet, he preceded and they delayed and he outrun and they were late because his speech peace be upon him is the speech which has a stamp of the divine speech, and it includes a touch of the prophetic speech".

"I noticed that his speech peace be upon him can be divided into three categories:

The first: Sermons and Commands.

The second: letters and messages.

The third: Preachments and proverbs".

"So, I decided with Allah's support exalted be He to start with choosing the best sermons, then the best letters and then the best preachments and proverbs and I have specified for each type of that a chapter and dedicated pages for that, so that it can be a first step to get what I might forget soon or remember later", until he said: "And I saw after that to call this book The Course of Eloquence (Nahj Al-Balaghah) since it opens for the seeker its gates (of eloquence) and brings its suitors closer to it and it contains the goal of the learner and the teacher and the target of the fluent and the apathetic, and it contains inside it the wonderful speeches about the Oneness of Allah and justice and exalting Allah exalted be He from being similar to creation, that satisfies every need, cures every sickness and removes every suspicion".(1)

Nahj Al-Balaghah (The Course of Eloquence) was named by al-Sharif al-Radi because of the strong eloquence and the fluency of the tongue of Imam Ali peace be upon him when compared to the rest of language during his time, although the time of the Imam was known for its linguistic advancement. The name is in harmony with the general definition of eloquence which is "to brief and defeat".

The Commander of the Faithful described Eloquence greatly by saying(2): "Eloquence is what is easy to say and to understand", "Eloquence is to answer without delay and to be right without .

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mistaking", "Brief eloquence is enough" and "The organs of eloquence are a wise mind and a talking tongue".

The Eloquent Course (Nahj Al-Balaghah) attracts a big portion of the interest of researchers and thinkers regardless of their different religions and its commentaries have reached more than seventy(1).

It's worth mentioning that there were twenty-two people who wrote the sermons of Imam Ali before the time of al-Sharif al-Radi like al-Sakuni, al-Waqidi, al-Madaeni, al-Manqari, al-Harrani etc.(2)

Nahj al-Balaghah book included 240 sermons and command, 79 letters and messages and 468 short wise saying and preachments.

One of the simplest explanatories and interpretations is "The explanatory of ibn Abu Al-Hadid "(3).

Scholars and researchers are still interested in fathom the depths of Nahj al-Balaghah book which was translated into many languages, and until now nearly 15 translations were printed of it, and in general Nahj al-Balaghah includes four parts:

The first part: Includes the introduction of alSharif alRadi in which he explained the reasons he gathered the book and the way he categorized its topics.

The second part: Includes the sermons of Imam Ali and a group of sermons the Commander of the Faithful recited for people and the commands he issued to them.

The Third part: Includes the letters and messages which the Imam sent to the rulers he appointed in all countries or to his enemies.

The fourth part: Includes the books of the Commander of the Faithful and it includes some quotes of the sayings, preachments and advices of the Imam. .

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8. Abu al-Hussain Abdulrahim ibn Muhammad known as: Ibn Nubata.

9. Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Issa al-Ramani al-Baghdadi the linguist.

10. Abu Hafs Yahya ibn Ibrahim al-Katani.

11. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Muhammad al- Khawarzmi

12. Abu Al-Qasem Issa ibn Ali ibn Issa ibn Dawood ibn Jarrah.

13. Sheikh al-Mufeed, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al- Nu'man.

14. Abu Abdullah ibn Imam Mansouri the linguist.

4. Haqaeq al-Ta'wel (The Realities of the Allegorical Interpretation).

5. Al-Majazat al-Nabawyyah (The Prophetic Metaphors).

6. Ma'ani al-Quran (The Meanings of the Quran).

7. Khasaes al-Aymma al-Ethnai Ashar (The Merits of the Twelve Imams).

8. Ta'leq Khilaf al-Ulama' (A Commentary on the Disagreement of the Jurists).

9. Sirat (A biography of his father al-Sharif al-Tahir Abu Ahmad al-Hussain).

10. A Collection of poems.

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People sayings about Nahj al-Balaghah book

•Sheikh Muhammad Abdu said about Nahj Al-Balaghah:

"Truly, the decree of destiny has granted me the chance to read Nahj al-Balaghah book by chance without intending. So, I got it when my situation wasn't stable, my mind was unrest, I had so much things to do and I had a break from my business. So, I considered it an entertainment and an excuse for solitude. So, I read a few pages of it and I reflected on some of its sentences and in each positions, I imagined wars started, raids occurred, and that the eloquence has an authority and the fluency has a power, and that delusions have naughtiness and suspicion has a vice, and that the legions of oratory and the battalions of sharpness, in the arrangements of order and the rows of regularity, fight with the bright tinplate and the straight desert, and the suckling arguments breastfeed the spirits, and thus the vices of doubt are reduced and it kills the devils.."

Until he says: "That respectful book is a collection of what al- Sayyed al-Sharif al-Radi may Allah's mercy be upon him chose of the sayings of our master and lord the Commander of the Faithful Ali ibn Abu Talib may Allah honor his face, he collected its spread and called it Nahj al-Balaghah, and I am not aware of a name that signifies its meaning better than that and I can't describe the book more than its name indicates and I can't bring anything to show its excellence higher than what the chooser brought".(1)

•Sheikh Abu al-Thna' Shihabu al-Deen Mahmoud al-Alusi al-Baghdadi said:

"Nahj al-Balaghah is the famous book in which al-Sayyed al- Radi al-Musawi collected the sermons of the Commander, may Allah honor his face, and his books, preachments and wise sayings. and it was called (The course of eloquence) because of what it included of the sayings which make you think that it's above the .

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speech of the creatures and lower than the speech of the creator exalted and glorified be He. It reached the rank of inimitability, and it created the first truths and metaphors, and congratulations for the poet who said: Indeed, this book (Nahj al-Balaghah) is the course of knowledge and its way is obvious. On climaxes of the household of Harb that were uplifted like a boulder that the flood descended from Ali (High)."

•Professor Muhammad Muhildeen Abdulhamid said:

"Nahj al-Balaghah is what al-Sharif al-Radi Abu al-Hassan Muhammad ibn al-Hussain al-Musawi chose of the sayings of the Commander of the Faithful Ali ibn Abu Talib may Allah be pleased with him, and it's the book which included, between its two covers, the springs of eloquence and it's arts, and by it the reader gets the means of fluency and its fruits became reachable for him to pick, since it's from the saying of the most fluent speaker after the messenger, the most gifted, the best in debate, the best director of language, the wisest from whose statement wisdom is issued, and the orator, the magic of whose speech fills the heart, the knowledgeable who had the opportunity to interact with the messenger and to write the divine revelation and to defend the religion with his sword and tongue since he was a young man, what nobody else ever had".

•Professor Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad said:

"In Nahj al-Balaghah, there is an abundance of the verses of the Oneness of Allah, the divine wisdom which is useful for everyone who wants to study the beliefs, the origins of Godhood and the wise sayings about the Oneness of Allah" (1).

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• Professor Amin Nakhla said:

"If someone wanted to cure the longing of his spirit to the sayings of the Imam, then he has to read it in Nahj al- Balaghah from the first to the last cover, and he has to learn to walk in the light of Nahj al-Balaghah".

• Sheikh Mahmoud Shukri al-Alusi said:

"This book, Nahj al-Balaghah, contains the sermons of Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib peace be upon him which are an ember of the light of the divine speech and a sun that shines with the fluency of the prophetic speech".

• Dr. Zaki Mubarak said in his book "The genius of al-Sharif al-Radi":

“I think that reading Nahj al-Balaghah book will bring on manhood, chivalry and greatness because it's a flow of the spirit of a conquer who faced hardships with the determination of lions". (1)

• Sayyed Hibatullah al-Shahrstani said in his book (What is Nahj al-Balaghah?):

"In 1328 in Baghdad, the chief writer of the British counsel Narsisian, who was among the virtuous Armenian, talked to me claiming the superiority of Nahj al-Balaghah over every Arabic speech because it contains so much inimitably simple that can't be found in other books and the easy handling of hard rhymes without pretending, and he quoted: (Or that who was created in the darkness of wombs and the covering veils as a brimful sperm, then a waning clot of congealed blood, then an embryo, then a suckling baby, then a young child, then a young man and he gave him a seeing eyes, a talking tongue and a memorizing mind etc." .

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He liked the good rhyme and how the final letter runs like a fresh water on the tongue of the Imam, then he said: And if this great orator gets on the pulpit of al-Kufa during our time, then you will see its mosque, despite how big it is, full of European hats moving in waves to absorb from the sea of his rich knowledge."(1) .

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❖"Sconce has two types: A gifted and a gained, and the gained science isn't useful without having the gifted one" (1)

In these sayings, the Commander of the Faithful confirmed that the gifted science is what's well-established in the spirit, and which traces appear in the deeds of the individual. And we can understand from that that scientific knowledge can't be a superficial knowledge that can't be established in the mind and be used to understand other information that might be more complicated.

The Imam also said: "Each container is decreased through what's put in it except the container of knowledge, it's increased".(2)

In the previous saying, the container of knowledge means the intellect because it's increased by increasing knowledge, and that includes an explicit invite to continue the scientific research by humans and learning without stopping because, in the brain, there is a space of understanding the maximum of what an individual might learn during his life, since science is accumulating, as known, and the human being has to keep researching in the fields of science and knowledge.

The Imam also said: "Two greedy ones that never get fulfilled: A seeker of knowledge and a seeker of the earthly world"(3). In the previous saying, there is an obvious sign that one can never reach the end of science because the more science a seeker of science gets, the more he finds himself needing more scientific knowledge since sciences are broad and they keep evolving and increasing.

Imam Ali also said:

❖"He who revived a knowledge never die and he who owns an understanding won't become poor"(4). The Imam mentioned that knowledge keeps the mentioning .

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of its dweller alive even after his death and a human being is rich when he has knowledge.

❖ "Kings are the rulers of people, and scholars are the rulers of kings"(1)

❖ "Learn knowledge young, so that you can become masters of it when you grow old".(2)

❖ "The ignorant is young even if he was old, and the scholar (knowledgeable) is old even if he was young'" (3)

❖ “Getting along with knowledge is part of the honorable determination". (4)

❖ "What a good couple satisfaction is, knowledge is an honorable inheritance, manners are renewable clothing and thought is a clear mirror". (5)

❖“Who is dressed with knowledge, his flaws are hidden from people".(6)

❖"The lowest knowledge is what is limited to the tongue, and the highest knowledge is what is manifested in organs and limbs".(7)

" The lowest knowledge is what stops on the tongue and doesn't have apparent effects on morals, behavior and deeds, and the highest knowledge is what appears in the behavior of the human being after being firmly established in its organs like the brain.

Some of what Imam Ali said to Kumail ibn Ziad al-Nakh'i was: “O Kumail ibn Ziyad, these hearts are containers and the best of them are the most extensive. So, remember what I am saying to you: People are of three kinds: A divine scholar, a learner for the sake of deliverance and ignorant uncivilized who follow every speaker and bend with every wind, they haven't sought .

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enlightenment through the light of knowledge and haven't resorted to a solid resort. O Kumail, knowledge is better than money because knowledge guards you and you guard money, and money is decreased by spending, and knowledge is increased when shared".

Until the Imam said: "O Kumail ibn Ziyad, the hoarders of wealth died in life, and scholars will remain forever, their bodies will be buried but their teachings will be found in the hearts".(1) The Imam has so many other brilliant sayings.

That was the invitation of Ali for people to seek knowledge and learn sciences since youth and giving it the highest value so that people use them to spread prosperity to all humanity, and the Imam differentiated between the category of scholars, learners and uncultured ones, and he described the last one accurately as being uncivilized ignorant because they haven't depended on a solid foundation.

That came as an addition to what was mentioned in the holy Quran of established verses that manifested the value of knowledge and scholars in life, it was mentioned in the fundamental verses of the Quran:

❖"Those of His servants only who are possessed of knowledge fear Allah".(2)

"Are those who know and those who do not know alike?"(3)

❖"Allah will exalt those of you who believe, and those who are given knowledge, in high degrees; and Allah is Aware of what you do."(4)

❖ “and say: O my Lord! increase me in knowledge." (5)

❖And the sayings of Imam Ali came as an addition to the sayings of the noble prophet Muhammad may .

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Allah pray upon him and his household which were related to this topic, and we will mention the following of his sayings:

❖"Seeking knowledge is an obligation of every female and male Muslim".(1)

❖"When the son of Adam dies, his deeds will stop except of three things: A running charity, a useful knowledge or a good son who prays for him (2)

1. Linguist sciences: The Imam peace be upon him was well- acquainted with linguistic sciences like grammar and eloquence, and he was famous for his wisdom and fluency, and so many poems and proverbs were ascribed to him, and we see the best proof of that in his sermons, commands and preachments which are mentioned in Nahj al-Balaghah book which contains various arts of language which represent the summit of fluency and eloquence and the best of Stylistics and Rhetoric, and all that came in the maximum briefness and inimitability. And the Imam was the first to add points to the Arabic letters of the holy Quran(1) and he was the one who established the origins of the Islamic calligraphy.(2)

2. Islamic Jurisprudence and Quranic interpretation: Imam Ali is considered the best scholar because he was the most knowledgeable jurist, and from his straight course so many issues related to jurisprudence and interpretation were taken, even people said that he was the first to write a book of jurisprudence.

3. Management sciences: In the eloquent course, there are integrated signs of the policies related to manage the state and its facilities and the successful ways to organize the people's affairs.

4. Educational sciences: In Nahj al-Balaghah, there are so many recommendations and teachings which the Imam issued about the methods of educating children correctly and about the sound relation between the teacher and the learner.

5. Psychology and sociology: The Imam peace be upon him treated so many psychological and social phenomena of humans, and he accurately and comprehensively described them through mentioning the relation between the individual and his lord, and his ego and others in life. .

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6. Economical sciences: In Nahj al-Balaghah, there is obvious mentioning of the economical sciences which the Imam derived from the holy Quran and the noble prophetic tradition which the Imam saw necessary to manage the affairs of the state and public life like choosing the economic policies, studying the causes of poverty and its solutions and working on achieving an inclusive development.

7. Business sciences: The Imam invited people to practice legitimate business and free trading in so many of his sayings which were narrated in Nahj al-Balaghah book.

8. Human rights and individual freedoms: Nahj al- Balaghah includes the invitation to respect individual freedoms and human rights, and maybe the most obvious saying about this of the Imam is: "People are free in their money and selves".

9. Military sciences: Nahj al-Balaghah contains so many obvious signs of the military sciences of Imam Ali through the famous wars which he fought to defend Islam and according to to the the teachings of the noble prophet Muhammad.

10. Judiciary: In Nahj al-Balaghah, the Imam expressed the judicial policy of Islam and how to issue the sentences which manage the affairs of Muslims according to what Allah and the messenger want that achieve justice and safety of the society, and the prophet Muhammad said about him: "The best judge among you is Ali". (1)

11. Agricultural sciences: Nahj al-Balaghah includes so many instructions and teachings related to agriculture.

12. Mathematics: Imam Ali was known for being good in math and his speed in solving mathematical problems, and the stories and incidents which are narrated of him are many and known for all people. .

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13. Biology: Nahj al-Balaghah includes a view of so many things related to life of living beings like humans, animals and plants and various sciences related to these beings.

14. The Sciences of the future: The Imam viewed in many sayings so many incidents which were mentioned in Nahj al-Balaghah that might happen in the future and which can form specialized sciences separated from other sciences.

15. Medicine and public health: Nahj al-Balaghah is full of the sayings of the Imam and his advices related to medicine and public health, and this topic formed fundamental points for the coming chapters of this book.

The Imam also talked about many other sciences; therefore, we can say that Nahj al-Balaghah (The Course of Eloquence) is the course of life since it doesn't only include rhetorical stuff, but rather it's related to all affairs of life.

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Western writers have sayings about Islam and medicine, about the Quran and medicine and about the holy Hadith and medicine, and nearly there is one research about Islam and medicine written in every book in the West about the history of medicine until it became an academic research.(1)

The prophet may Allah pray upon him and his household used to treat himself by himself and he ordered sick people of his household and companions to do that, and most of his treatments were simple, not composed, and that rule of treatment is still followed until today and it means to avoid the complex medicine if the treatment was possible using the simple medicine.

It's worth mentioning what the British orientalist doctor Edward Brown said, he said that prophet Muhammad announced that each disease that infects people has a suitable medicine and he defined the main three ways of treatment which are to eat honey, cupping and cautery but he ordered his followers to avoid cautery and to reduce using it, and among other substances which were mentioned in the sayings of the prophet, according to Brown, are the camel milk, Fennel flower seeds, cactus and melon.

As for the diseases which were mentioned in the sayings of the prophet Muhammad, they are headache, migraine, ophthalmia, leprosy, pandemics, fever (he called it the exhalation of Hell), and Muhammad used to advise his followers not to visit a country in which there is a contagion.(1)

Doctor Darilano said about the prophet: "It's correct to say that Muhammad wasn't the first physician in Islam only, but rather, he was the first who wrote a perfect book about medicine which he called the Prophetic Medicine".(2)

He also considered the prophet to be among the most noble doctors and said about him: "During his battles, he used to take care of the wound, and he used to bring nurses". (3)

Before that, many doctors professed the authenticity of his medicine like al-Shamardl who was in the delegation of Najran bani al-Harith bin al-Ka'b who said when he came to the prophet: O Allah's messenger, I was the priest (physician) of my people in the Jahiliya (before Islam), so what's permissible for me to do? The prophet said: "The Bloodletting, the stabbing probe, if you .

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were forced to, and you have to use the senna and don't treat anyone before knowing their disease", the Shamardl said: I swear by him who sent you with the truth that you are more knowledgeable of medicine than me. (1)

In addition to so many other testimonies narrated from other scholars and researches from all nations and religions and during all times that confirm what the noble prophet recommended in his medical teachings which aim at preserving the human health and wellbeing.

As for his sayings they generally include the following:

1. Medical recommendations to prevent diseases.

2. Medical prescriptions to treat diseases.

3. The invitation of sick people to consult doctors.

4. The manners of visiting ill people and reminding of the principles of the manners of visiting them.

5. Prohibiting the practice of magic and reminding of its harms.

6. Choosing healthy diet as an alternative to drugs to protect the body from diseases.

7. Preferring to use simple drugs over complex ones.

8. Focusing on the importance of cleanness to strengthening health and avoid sicknesses.

9. Using spiritual medicine as one of the ways to treat diseases, and it's worth mentioning that spiritual medicine is considered at the present time as one of the principles of the alternative medicine.

10. Emphasizing diet and avoiding dyspepsia.

11. The invitation to use cupping.

And the conclusion is that the holy Quran and the prophetic noble sayings included so many texts related to medical .

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conceptions and public health in a way that preserves the human health and wellbeing.

the whole medicine(1): Eat and drink and don't waste.(2)" is the most obvious proof of that.

5. The strong influence of the noble prophet Muhammad on him whose medical teachings were obvious for Imam Ali since the Imam took his knowledge and eloquence from the knowledge and eloquence of the prophet depending on what was known later as "The prophetic medicine" and the Imam emphasized that by saying: "Allah's messenger may Allah pray upon him and his household taught me a thousand doors of knowledge and from each door a thousand doors were opened". (3)

What was narrated in Nahj al-Balaghah book of wise proverbs and eloquent teachings and sayings are just an expression of the jurisprudence of medicine which is derived from the holy Quran and the noble prophetic sayings, and we will be using the Quran and the noble prophetic sayings as our main method to discuss Nahj al-Balaghah and the sayings of Imam Ali peace be upon him to emphasize his following of that straight course and the noble prophetic tradition.

It's worth mentioning that the medical information which was available at the time of the Imam was surpassing its time because people at that time were in a deep sleep of ignorance and they didn't know except a little about medical and public health issues, and by that, the great value of the health and medical concepts of the Imam become manifested for us. Then modern medicine brought various studies and strong scientific researches to prove the authenticity of what the Imam said in his proverbs and general medical and health teachings and wise proverbs. .

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6. They were known for having preventive and curative significations.

7. They were derived from the concepts of the holy Quran of the medical and health topics.

8. They came in harmony with the teachings of the noble prophet Muhammad and his general education of the Imam and the medical education in particular.

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8. He should be chaste when dealing with patients, and he shouldn't treat them with prohibited substance.

9. He shouldn't be frowning at the patient because that might make him think that he is hopeless, and it's said that the smile of a doctor to his patient and his good words are half the treatment.

10. He should have an accurate knowledge of the date of the disease which the patient has so that he can make the right decision in diagnosing the disease.

11. He has to cooperate with his colleagues in the same team if he has to because it might require the efforts of more than one specialty to provide the medicinal or surgical treatment.

12. He has to check the diagnosis of the disease accurately using laboratories or supporting medical devices which give a comprehensive image of the nature of the disease.

One of his important teachings in this field is his saying is: "Who practices medicine on someone has to get the release of his caretaker or else he is a guarantee for him".(1)

The deed of release today is a written approval through which the patient, his caretaker or their representative allow the doctor to do whatever needed medical treatment whether through surgery or medicine, and by doing that, the doctor abdicates his responsibility of the results of his medical or surgical actions which might lead sometimes to harm the patient or to his death.

Furthermore, the noble prophet Muhammad talked about the people who claim to be doctors although they aren't by saying: .

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"He who practices medicine and wasn't known of practicing it before is the guarantee for the patient”.(1)

That teaches us that who claims to know medicine and he wasn't known of it (He wasn't known for being a doctor), is the guarantee of what the treatment he prescribed for the patient might cause or of what the surgery he made might cause of harm.

11. He should be gentle with the patient and easy with him.

12. He should use the simplest treatment first, so he shouldn't go the complex medicine except after the failure of the simple medicine.

13. Generally, the physician should master medicalization as an application of the proverb: "May Allah be merciful with who does a deed perfectly".

harm them and to have a good behavior with my coworkers and to be loyal to my nation and country”.

1. The patient might be shy so he hides his secrets from the doctor.

2. The desire of the patient to keep the secrecy of the sickness he has, especially the sexual disease that the patient might have, because of wrong (prohibited) sexual practices, so he insists on keeping them a secret.

3. Some male patients might not admit some symptoms which are related to his manhood (masculinity) like male infertility.

4. Not giving enough time for the patient to talk about what he is suffering from freely, and the doctor who might be hurried when dealing with patients might not get enough information about their sicknesses.

5. The lack of trust between the doctor and the patient might prevent the patient from talking about his symptoms.

6. Some patients might not talk about the hidden symptoms of their disease because they want to test the ability of the doctor to discover or diagnose their disease.

From another side, the patient might be a young child or a mentally ill person so that they can't express the symptoms of their diseases, so their caretakers do that instead, and those people might not be able to describe the condition which each one of them might have (the young child or the mentally ill person) accurately which leads to know their Pathological condition correctly, and when the proper circumstances become available for the patient, he will talk about his sickness to the doctor doubtlessly, so the two parties can work together to build the mutual trust which helps a lot in curing the disease.

their pain and taking care of them, and doctors recommend taking care of their patients (as mentioned before), and Imam Ali provided the corner stone of the manners of visiting the patients by saying: "Among the highest reward of the visitors of patients is he who, when visiting his brother, shortens sitting unless the patient likes and asks for that".(1)

It is worth mentioning that the Imam peace be upon him said: "The patient should be (quickly) visited, and the healthy person should be visited (normally)".(2)

Prophet Muhammad may Allah pray upon him and his household mentioned that by saying: "Visiting the patient is an Islamic tradition"(3), and that emphasizes the importance of visiting the patient and considering it one of the human obligations which each person should practice in their community in order to support the pillars of the human harmony, and the noble prophet emphasized that by saying: "The greatest reward of the visit of patients is the lightest"(4) and it means that the patient needs a complete rest when healing from a certain disease, in addition to have enough time of sleep and taking the medicine and other things that offers a complete care for him, and among these things is to sit with him for short time and visit him just to check his condition.

So, these were the manners of visiting the patient which prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali taught us. .

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the Imam said: "There is no better happiness in life than health" and "Health is the best of bounties".

World Health Organization defined health as: "A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

As for disease or illness, it is any deviation or disorder of the natural composition or function of a part, organ or system of the body which has symptoms and special marks and is related to causes that might be known or unknown.(1)

It also can be defined as the deviation of the internal components of the body from their normal levels, or a disorder of the internal environment of the body "Homeostasis".

As for Ailment, it's the disease which is the result of minor or moderate functional disorder of body organs.

Treatment is to restabilize the internal environment of the body to its normal condition by correcting the increase or decrease of the internal components of the body, and that might happen internally (automatically) or externally using the required drugs and the suitable nutrition.

The Commander of the faithful said about illness: "Illness is the prison of the body".(2)

Generally, sickness is either physiological, which means the infection of a certain organ of the body, or psychological which might be resulted from a physiological disease sometimes. It's known that each living being whether it's elevated or minor, plant, animal or human, each of them has their own disease or sickness, and there might be common diseases between various living .

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creatures which live in the same environment, and each of these illnesses has its own medicine which can be used to get rid of it, and Imam Ali peace be upon him illustrated that by saying: "Each living being has a disease, and each disease has a medicine"(1), and we will discuss the topic of medication in some of the coming chapters in this book.

•"He who has reached 70 complains without having a disease"(1)

•"He who was missed by the arrow of death will be captivated with senescence"(2).

Senescence is the period which precedes death and it's the course of life since there is no eternal being and eternity is for Allah only exalted and glorified be He.

3. Nutrition:

Nutrition plays a major role in building the body and performing its various functions, therefore, certain nutrition programs should be followed to regulate food consumption that suits the public health of each individual, and excessiveness or shortage of nutrition might lead to certain illnesses, and Imam Ali focused a lot about this and he emphasized in many of his famous saying to avoid excessiveness when it comes to food consumption like:

•“Don't seek life to eat, but rather seek food to live”(3).

•"He who was moderate in his eating, his health will increase and his mind will be clear"(4).

•"He whose food consumption was reduced; his pain will be reduced"(5)

•"He who inserted in himself the love of various types of food will reap the fruits of various kinds of illnesses". (6)

•“Beware of gluttony for he who sticks to it will have increased illnesses and his mind will be corrupted"(7).

•"How many foods prevented death!"(8).

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•"There can be no intelligence with gluttony"(1).

•"Too much eating and sleeping ruin the self and cause harm"(2)

•"Health can't be gained without diet”(3).

•"He who isn't patient on the stress of diet, his illness will be long"(4)

•"The stomach is the house of maladies, and diet is the head of medicine, and there is no well-being with gluttony". (5)

•"Health can't co-exist with gluttony"(6).

From all that we understand that who avoids fullness and excessiveness in consuming food, his illnesses will decrease because that fullness cause a big stress for various organs of the body which should perform their functional roles according to normal courses, and how many people overeat and thus they had indigestion and that prevented him from eating for days and caused him various maladies.

Imam Ali peace be upon him didn't neglect anything related to the health and well-being of the human being but rather he spoke about everything with wisdom and pure eloquence and his sayings contain a manifestation of the strong relation between the public health of the human being and food, and Imam Ali was inspired in his sayings by the holy Quran and we remember his great saying in regard to that: "There is a verse in the Quran that gathers the whole medicines(7): (And eat and drink and be not extravagant)(8)". .

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That's how Imam Ali peace be upon him emphasized the importance of nutrition and diets in maintaining the well-being of the individual since the body brings the energy it needs to perform its functions from these nutrients whether they were hard or liquid to preserve what is known as the stability of the internal environment of the body "Homeostasis”.

The body contains certain contains certain amounts of the physiological components in the solid, liquid and gaseous states and any increase or decrease of these amounts can cause disorder to the physiological functions of the body which can cause illness. So, we can simply define the illness as a disorder of the internal environment of the body.

It's known that food contains the following main components:

• Carbohydrates.

•Proteins.

• Fats.

•Amino Acids.

•Minerals and salts.

•Other physiological components like Enzymes, Hormones etc.

4. The environment:

Various bad environmental factors affect the public health of the individual like the pollutions which are caused by factories, exhausts of cars and other transportations, radiations, war relics and the pollution of water and food and the reduce of forests and cultivated areas and the increase of desertification etc. All that

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obviously affects the health of the human being and it causes various diseases. Therefore, a clean environment must be provided to play a useful role in achieving a better health for the society through preserving the wellbeing of its individuals and their health.

5. Smoking:

It was proved that the substances which are produced from smoking affects badly the health of the human being and their damage are related to cancer, heart and vascular diseases and the respiratory system.

6. Alcohol and drugs:

As for alcoholic drinks, they have negative effects like Cirrhosis of the liver physiologically and mental and social effects because it causes bad behaviors for who consume them.

Drug addiction affects the life of the human being physiologically, mentally and socially too because it leads the individual to crime and drowning in the swamp of sexual diseases.

7. Mental disorders:

Psychological disorders play major roles in the health of the human being because they are like what Imam Ali said: "Depression is half of senescence" (1) and "Drive away from you incoming anxieties through resolute patience and the goodness of certainty"(2)

Depression and anxiety lead to so many physiological disorders because of the chemicals which the body releases when the individual is depressed. .

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8. The tolerance of illness:

There are various degrees of tolerance which each individual faces according to the differences of the nature of his immune system, that's why Imam Ali said: "Keep walking in your sickness as long as you can"(1), it means as long as the individual can withstand the sickness, he can do his work but if the sickness affected him badly then he has to rest. Nevertheless, certain diseases might make the patient gain an acquired immunity which helps him to resist other diseases which might affect him later and thus the disease becomes a medicine like what the Commander of the faithful said in his eloquent wise saying: "Many a time a disease becomes a medicine"(2)

On the other hand, if the individual has so many diseases might make the healing hard mostly and Imam Ali illustrated that by his famous saying: "One whose ailments are many, his cure will not be known"(3)

9. Genetic descending:

Genetics plays a major role in transmitting diseases from parents to children and marriage between relatives causes many of the hereditary diseases that are present in the family, in a more obvious way than it does when marrying non-relatives.

10. Poverty and scientific backwardness:

Many diseases dominate poor and scientifically backward societies due to the absence or lack of health awareness on one hand, and the unavailability of the requirements for health advancement on.

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the other hand, such as potable water, hospitals, medicines and devices that help diagnose and treat diseases.

11. Work:

The nature of the work that a person performs plays an important role in his health, so necessary health measures should be taken to preserve his life from the diseases that may affect him as a result of his daily work, such as unnatural sitting or standing or when using certain devices or supplies that protect against the damage that's resulting from performing the work. Some examples of that include the exposure to heat stroke as a result of being in the work site for a long time, or the exposure to toxic or harmful substances, or other things.

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The digestive system, as it is known, consists of the following parts:

1- Mouth and salivary glands.

2- The pharynx.

3- The esophagus.

4- The stomach.

5- The intestine.

6- The Rectum.

7- The glands that are attached to the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas.

As for the infectious enzymes, they are:

1- Pepsin

It is a protein-digesting enzyme secreted from the chief cells of the gastric glands, where it converts large protein molecules into less complex compounds known as polypeptides. Pepsin is one of the strongest protein-digesting enzymes.

2- Rennin

It converts the milk protein known as casein into paracasein, then into calcium paracaseinate.

3- Gastric lipase

It digests fats and turns them into fatty acids, glycerin and chlorides.

It seems that the importance of the stomach lies in its connection with what is known as the Vagus nerve which is related to a number of other body organs such as the heart and the bladder on one hand, and to various biological phenomena such as salivation and bowel movement on the other hand. Therefore, what the stomach is exposed to by stimuli may affect the function of the Vagus nerve which in turn affects other parts of the body.

From that, the stomach was considered a home for diseases according to what was mentioned in the sayings of Imam Ali about this topic which will be mentioned shortly, so preserving health requires diet and avoiding gluttony so that the stomach performs its required functional roles which may positively affect the functioning of other body organs.

Imam Ali's interest in the digestive system in general and the stomach in particular was evident through his wisdom and eloquent exhortations to play their role to fully demonstrate their

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importance. Among these exhortations and commandments, we mention the following:

• "There is a verse in the Qur'an that gathered all medicine(1): Eat and drink and not overeat(2)."

•"The stomach is the home of medicine, and diet is the head of medicine, and there is no health with gluttony"(3).

•"He who instills in himself the love for various types of food will reap the fruits of the arts of sickness". (4)

•Imam Ali said to his son Al-Hassan: "O son, don't I teach you four words that are will suffice you from using medicine? He said: Yes. Imam Ali said: Do not sit for eating food unless you are hungry, and do not stop eating food except while you desire it, chew good and if you want to go to sleep then try to use the toilet, and if these are used, they will suffice you from using medicine"(5). The Imam was addressing his son Al-Hassan with that brief and eloquent command to which means that a person should stay away from satiety and should be satisfied with eating food when needed, because excessive eating may lead to disturbing the functions of the digestive system.

Food should also be chewed well to be broken down into smaller units (molecules) in order to turn into other compounds that are needed by the body. Teeth and tongue play a major role in this process.

•There is no doubt that the words of Imam Ali in this regard were derived from the glorious Qur'an and from the instructions of the Holy Prophet, and it was mentioned in .

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Surah Abasa: "So let a person look at his food"(1), and in Surat al-A'raf: "O Sons of Adam! attend to your embellishments at every time of prayer, and eat and drink and be not extravagant; surely He does not love the extravagant"(2)

From that it is understood that a person should take care of his food from both sides Quantity and quality, according to a balanced system, so that food plays its role in building the body and carrying out the vital functions necessary for its life.

•Prophet Muhammad said: "The stomach is the home of illness, and diet is the head of every medicine, and give everybody what it is used to"(3)

The Imam advised people to eat some foods in this area, such as pomegranate, apples, quince, raisins and figs.

and this saying is derived from the commandment of the Holy Prophet who said: "Eat pomegranate with its peel, for it is good for the abdomen"(1)

•As Imam Ali said: "Feed your boys the pomegranate, for it is faster for their tongues"(2).

A Pomegranate includes:

About (83%) water, (10%) sugar, (3%) proteins, (3%) fiber and (1%) of citric acid (lemon).

Pomegranate pulp also contains Tannins that helps in tanning the stomach, as these materials reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid and thus, they reduce the peptic ulcer disease of the stomach and the duodenal ulcers. Also, it was noted that pomegranate pulp and peel contain 28% of Quinine which is an astringent that is useful for treating diarrhea and dysentery.

The benefits of pomegranates:

1- Astringent in cases of diarrhea, because it contains tannin acid.

2- It's Useful for blood because it contains iron.

3- It's useful for getting rid of indigestion.

4- It works to tighten and strengthen the gums.

5- It purifies the blood from impurities because it's an antioxidant.

•Prophet Muhammad said: "Eat apples on an empty stomach, for it refreshes the stomach"(1).

The fruit of the apple tree, known scientifically as Malus domestica, is one of the most cultivated fruit trees, as at least 55 million tons of it were cultivated worldwide in 2005 with a value of about ten billion dollars. The apple tree is a small petiole tree compared to other fruit trees.

Ingredients of Apple

According to the USDA, each medium-sized apple with its peel (about 182 grams) contains 95 calories, and the following ingredients:

1- A significant percentage of carbohydrates and sugars (about 44%).

2- Very small amounts of proteins.

3- Amino acids such as arginine and lysine.

4- Very small amounts of fat.

5- Water represents the rest of it.

6- Various amounts of vitamins A, B, C and H.

7- Mineral salts such as potassium, calcium and sodium.

The benefits of apples

1- Useful for the cases of diarrhea.

2- Helps accomplish the digestive process inside the stomach.

3- It helps to strengthen the immune system in the body as an antioxidant.

4- It works to stimulate the intestine.

5- Contributes to the fight against chronic constipation.

6- It is useful in treating joint pain.

7- It strengthens the brain and heart. .

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1- It is used as an astringent against diarrhea, especially chronic diarrhea.

2- Prevents vomiting.

3- Helps treating the loss of appetite.

4- Heals indigestion.

5- It is useful to treat the stomach and liver.

6- Heals severe cold.

7- It is used in the treatment the illnesses of the chest and lungs.

3- Vitamins A, B and C.

In 100 grams of fresh figs there are 70 calories, and in dry figs, 100 grams contains 270 calories.

Benefits of figs:

Figs have many benefits, including the following:

They are used as a laxative material for the intestine.

They remove the problems of cold and flu and their effects from the nose and throat.

They are considered an important source for increasing the sexual energy for both sexes.

They calm nerves and removes all types of anxiety, fear and tension.

They strengthen and improve the liver.

They contribute to the removal of enlarged spleen.

They make the body expel excess urine and break up kidney stones.

8- They treat chest diseases, coughing, asthma, bronchospasm and inflammations.

9- They treat tachycardia diseases.

10- They treat joint diseases and pain.

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The circulatory system

The circulatory system consists of three main components:

1- The Heart.

2- Blood vessels (arteries and veins).

3- Blood.

Besides, there are lymph vessels that transport what is known as lymph through the circulatory system.

We do not want to talk further about the components of the circulatory system because they are found in all medical and biological references that can be checked when needed. We will shed some light on the heart only as it is the main organ in the system.

The heart is an important organ of the circulatory system. It weighs about 350 grams in the adult person, and its size is estimated to be the size of a clenched fist.

The heart is composed of two atria and two ventricles, which form four hallways, and there is no connection between the atria or between the two ventricles. Rather, the heart is divided longitudinally into two parts, right and left, each of which consists of a ventricle and an atrium.

It consists of special muscles that distinguish it from other physical muscles (skeletal and smooth), but rather they are known as the cardiac muscles. These muscles are specialized, due to their location, connections and the nature of their structure, in transporting nutrients, gases, fluids, and other things to and from the heart.

The heart performs its role in a similar way to a pump that pushes blood around the body through the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and the blood carries the nutrients and other necessary supplies throughout the body.

The body also generally transfers liquid or gas wastes from around the body through the blood vessels, heart, lungs and kidneys to be excreted out of the body.

The heart is an organ that does not know fatigue, and it performs its work around the clock (day and night) involuntarily through contraction and extension in a controlled way.

The function of the heart is related to the nature of nutrients, in terms of quantity and quality, which enters the body. The heart is affected by nutrients which affect the rest of the functions of the organs.

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The Imam advised to consume some foods to strengthen the heart, and we will mention some of them:

1- It is known to be a digestive and sedative for the stomach and intestines.

2- it cures kidney diseases and it is a diuretic.

3- It helps building and regenerating cells.

4- It removes the pleural effusion which is resulted from the work of the heart, kidneys and liver.

5- It is useful to treat high blood pressure during old age and to treat atherosclerosis.

6- It is a good food for diabetics, as the sugar in it does not affect the health of people with the mentioned disease.

These commandments of the Imam came from the guidance of the glorious Qur'an like the clear verses: (There comes forth from within it a beverage of many colors, in which there is healing for men)(1) and as an addition to the commandments of the noble prophet Muhammad who said: "The puerperant has no cure from me like the ripe dates and there is no cure for the sick person like honey"(2)

Honey is a sugary substance produced by bees from the nectar of flowers, which is an important nutrient for the human body and health. Honey varies according to the diversity of the source of the nectar, whether it is from flowers or plant secretions. The color, smell, taste and density of honey varies accordingly.

The honey produced from the Ziziphus spina-christi is one of the finest types of honey in the world and it is distinguished by its dark brown color, pleasant aroma and delicious taste.

The ancient Greeks considered honey the gift of the gods and the true treasure of health. Honey was mentioned in many pictures, manuscripts, and papyri of ancient Egyptians and Sumerians. It was also mentioned in the Holy Quran and the heavenly holy books, and in the books of ancient Chinese and Indians.

Honey ingredients

Honey contains many ingredients, the most important are the following:

1- Sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and maltose.

2- Proteins such as globulin and nucleoprotein. 0

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3- Acids, such as lactic, citric, acetic, formic, tannic and oxalic acids.

4- Enzymes such as amylase, invertase, and phosphatase.

5- Vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic, and vitamin K.

6- Various salts such as potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, zinc, copper, chromium and cadmium.

7- It also contains fiber and cholesterol.

According to the US Department of Agriculture, every tablespoon (21 grams) of honey produces 64 calories.

The benefits of honey

Honey has many benefits, including the following:

1- All kinds of honey help the circulatory system to perform its functions naturally, as it has been noted that it is useful in stimulating blood circulation, and in the treatment of many diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

2- It is used as an antibacterial substance.

3- It strengthens the immune system.

4- Very useful in treating children's diseases.

5- It facilitates digestion and relieves the body from constipation.

6- It is included in the composition of cosmetics due to its beneficial effect on the skin complexion, and it is used in the treatment of many skin diseases.

7- It is useful to the male and female reproductive systems, and it treats many cases of infertility in both sexes.

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5- Small amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and phosphorous.

6- vitamins (A, B, C), and folic acid.

Its benefits

Lentils have many benefits, including the following:

1- Lentils have an important role in the cardiovascular function, as recent studies have shown that adding lentils to food protects the heart and reduces its chances of having health problems and crises. The researchers found that men and women who regularly consumed legumes and lentils, especially four times a week, the danger of having coronary heart disease, for over 19 years, was 22% less than those who consumed them once a week.

2- Because lentil contains folic acid and magnesium, the aforementioned acid works to reduce the amino acid known as (homocysteine), which leads to many health problems in the body, including cardiovascular disease. Folic acid works to convert homocysteine into another amino acid known as (cysteine), which is a harmless substance.

3- As for magnesium, it works to get rid of free radicals (which are toxic substances that arise from chemical reactions inside the body) by not pumping them into the heart cells because those radicals increase in the body when the magnesium decreases from its normal limits.

4- The fibers in lentils collect cholesterol and get rid of it with the waste out of the body. So, it helps reducing the level of cholesterol in the body.

5- It contains iron, magnesium, copper, phosphorous and calcium, as we indicated earlier, and this is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin in the blood.

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6- Lentils are essential for nerves because they contain vitamin (B).

7- Lentil peels prevent constipation.

8- Lentil peels contribute in protecting teeth from decay.

9- It causes diuresis.

10- Vitamin A and calcium play a major role in building bones and treating their diseases.

11- Vitamin A is essential for eye health.

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Nervous System

The nervous system consists of two secondary systems:

A - The central nervous system: It consists of two main parts, the brain and the spinal cord.

B - the peripheral nervous system: It consists of the nerves emerging from each of the brain which are 12 pairs and the spinal cord which are 31 pairs.

The second layer of the brain is an inner layer that contains the white matter that includes nerve cell fibers.

Sections of the brain

The brain consists of three main sections:

A- The cerebrum:

It forms the largest part of the brain, and is composed of two halves or two right lobes and two left lobes, between them there is a deep longitudinal slit. Each lobe is divided into four lobes: anterior, parietal, temporal, and occipital (posterior). This was from the anatomical side.

As for the functional side, the brain performs important functions. such as controlling voluntary movements, emotional sense, thinking processes, learning and memory. It has been observed that the discrepancy in intelligence is due to the nature of the brain's tissue structure.

B- The cerebellum:

It is the largest part of the brain after the cerebrum, and it is located in the posterior part, below the occipital lobe. And it plays an important role in regulating voluntary movements and maintaining the body balance.

C-The brainstem:

It consists of the Pons and the Medulla oblongata.

Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq peace be upon him indicated that the brain is the location of the mind, by saying:

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•"The location of the mind is the brain"(1).

He also described it in a detailed description in one of his famous conversations with his student al-Mufadhal ibn Omar Al-Ju'fi, he said:

•"If you saw the brain, if it was exposed, you would see it wrapped in veils on top of each other to protect it from dangers and to hold it so that it would not be jumbled, and you would see the skull on it like the egg so that it protects it from strikes and knocks that may happen to the head, then the skull was covered with hair so it became like the fur of the head, covering it from the severity of heat and coldness. Who is the one who fortified the brain like this except the one who created it and made it the source of feelings and deserving caution and maintenance due to its importance over of the body and because of its high degree and rank”(2)

As for Imam Ali, he said about the brain:

•"Eat pumpkin, for it increases in the brain"(3).

•"Eat squash because it increases in the brain"(4).

•"Eat squash for we Ahlulbayt love it"(5).

•The Messenger of Allah said: "You should eat pumpkin for it increases the mind and makes the brain grow".(6)

•The Prophet said to the Commander of the Faithful: "Eat pumpkins because who eats it will have good 4

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character, and their face will be brightened, and it is my food and the food of the prophets before me"(1).

known as the Encephalic stimulant, which has an important effect in stimulating the brain and developing brain convolutions. German scientists recently issued an obligatory order for all their institutions concerning the students and the general population to increase the consumption of pumpkin in their diets. Those scholars also recommended that all those working in the fields of mental activity in their countries, including thinkers, scientists, experts, teachers and students should focus eating squash in their daily diets.

1- It is useful to remove headaches and migraines, especially the psychological type.

2- Pumpkin calms nerves and mental illnesses, and it is a remedy for depression and insomnia because it contains important amino acids such as tryptophan.

3- It has been noted that pumpkin seeds or pumpkin seed oil are of great benefit in treating the enlarged prostate.

4- It is useful in breaking up kidney stones and treating kidney infections.

5- It's diuretic and tonic for the kidneys, and works to strengthen their functions.

6- It fights thirst and eliminates heat and fever.

7- It is useful for chest diseases and coughing.

8- It is laxative for the stomach.

9- Pumpkin seed oil reduces cholesterol in the blood because it contains unsaturated fatty acids, and lowering cholesterol in the blood reduces heart diseases and arteriosclerosis.

10- Pumpkin seeds have the ability to expel the tapeworm from the intestine.

11- Studies conducted in 1985 at the National Cancer Institute in the United States of America indicated that squash has a protective effect on lung cancer in New Jersey residents.

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Yes, water is included in every living thing, it is the basic compound in building the bodies of living beings. Scientists also consider it the basis of life on any planet.

As for prophet Muhammad, he said: "Fever or the intensity of the fever is from the heat of Hell, so cool it with water”(1)

Modern medicine still treats some types of fevers with water, using ice packs or cold water to be placed on the head to relieve the heat, and on bruises in order to avoid the bad consequences of the high temperature. Water is also given to the patient who lost fluids to compensate that loss.

Water is a chemical compound made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is present in its three known states: solid, liquid and gas.

And every living being is made mostly of water. For example, the human body contains (65-70) % of its general weight water, and each person needs 4-2 liters of it per day, as humans cannot live without it for more than three days.

Water is considered a pure substance in many religions, as it is used to purify and dissolve sins. In Islam, it has a great position, as it was mentioned under the name (water) in 17 verses, and under the name (the water) in 34 verses. Water is used for purification and ablution in every prayer, and for washing the dead before burial. It is also used in Christianity for baptism, and Jews use it for purification. As for the Sabeans, they the decrees of the marriage happen with water, and all living things need water to perform their vital processes, and some of the most important benefits of water for the human body, we mention the following:

•Water is a good solvent for salts, vitamins and amino acids. 5

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•It plays a vital and important role for digesting nutrients.

• Water is a medium for transporting various substances inside and outside cells.

• the body.

•It plays a major role in regulating absorption processes.

•It is a safe medium to get rid of toxins and waste products.

•It works to regulate the body temperature.

•It is essential for the release of energy within the body.

•It is useful in compensating for lost fluids.

2- Carbohydrates:

They are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is like their ratio in water (2:1). There are two types of carbohydrates: Simple and complex, simple sugars are known as glucose, fructose, and lactose. As for the complex, it is known as starches like cellulose. And one gram of carbohydrates provides the body with four calories.

3- Fats:

Organic compounds contain elements of carbon and hydrogen as well, but the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is not like their ratio in water, and it provides the body with caloric energy, which is twice the energy produced by sugars, as it reaches nine calories for every one gram of fat.

4- Proteins:

They are large organic compounds consisting of nitrogenous building blocks known as (amino acids), and they are distinguished by their containment of the nitrogen component that distinguished them from both carbohydrates and fats, and every one gram of protein provides the body with four calories.

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5- Vitamins:

They are complex organic compounds needed by the body in relatively small quantities, and are essential for the maintenance of the body for its growth and for protection from diseases. Vitamins consist of two basic types, which are water-soluble vitamins such as vitamins (B) and vitamin (C), and fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins (E, D, A, and K).

The following is a brief summary about each of these vitamins:

•Vitamin (A), found in vegetables and fruits, fish oil, eggs and milk. It is necessary for the eye functions and it prevents cold and flu.

•Vitamin (B1), known as Thiamin. It is found in meat and whole grains, and it is essential for converting carbohydrates into energy.

•Vitamin (B2), known as riboflavin, and it is found in vegetables, milk, cheese, liver and fish.

•Vitamin (B6), it is called pyridoxine or pantothenic acid. It is found in many foods, and it plays important roles in chemical reactions within the body.

•Vitamin (B) complex, known as folic acid. It is found in the leaves of vegetables and animal products such as liver. This vitamin plays an important role in the formation of red blood cells and it helps nerve cells to perform their functions.

•Vitamin (C), called Ascorbic acid. It is found in fruits, especially oranges and lemons, and vegetables such as tomatoes and green peppers. It helps preserving ligaments, tendons and other supportive tissues in the body, and protecting the body from scurvy.

•Vitamin (D): This vitamin is found in cod liver oil, milk and eggs. It also forms in the skin when it is exposed to

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sunlight. Vitamin D is useful for the growth of bones and teeth.

•Vitamin (E), known as Tocopherol. It is found in vegetable oil and in grains, and in small quantities in most types of meat, fruits and vegetables. This vitamin is necessary in maintaining cellular membranes and protecting the body from some types of infertility.

•Vitamin (K), various vegetables contain this vitamin, and it can also be synthesized inside the body (in the intestine) by special bacteria called coliform bacteria. And its role is the occurrence of blood clotting mechanisms when bleeding occurs.

5- Minerals:

The body needs small amounts of minerals in the daily meals, which form 4% of the human body weight. Unlike carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins, minerals are inorganic compounds. Among the most important of these elements are sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc and selenium.

Minerals play important roles in building the body and activating the chemical reactions that take place within it, as well as contributing to the regulation of the acid-base balance in the body. The body needs the first four types of food in large quantities, so they are known as macronutrients. As for vitamins and minerals, the body needs them in small quantities only, so they are known as micronutrients.

Food specifications

The general specifications that must be provided in food should be observed in order for it to play its role in building the body. Among these specifications, we mention the following:

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1- It must be clean and free of pollutants.

2- It must be easily digestible in a way that does not affect the nature of the work of other body organs.

3- The food should suit the type and nature of the work performed by the person.

4- It should not conflict with the disease which the person has.

5- Its quantity should be appropriate to the actual need of the body. There is a mathematical relationship (arithmetic) to know the need of the body of food depending on the weight and height of the human being.

6- The formation of fats inside the body should be prevented, and if this is not possible, it should not exceed 30-40% of the daily energy intake.

7 - Reducing the amount of cholesterol in the body, by reducing the consumption of animal fats, which are very rich in cholesterol, and increasing the consumption of vegetable oils that originally contain very little of it.

8- The food should not contain large amounts of sugar.

The value of food in building the body and running its functions lies in the fact that it contains antioxidants that prevent the occurrence of oxidants that lead to impeding the normal functions of the body's cells that cause diseases, and what the Imam described in terms of foods to enhance the health of the body comes within this precise scientific context of choosing the appropriate foods for the body's normal functioning.

stomach is the home of disease and diet is the head of every medicine, and give everybody what it is accustomed to”(1)

As for Imam Ali, he illustrated the value of food in a people's life and how to control it to preserve the public health of the individual and prevent diseases. He said: “Do not seek life in order to eat, but rather seek food in order to live"(2).

And he said: "He who observes eating his health will increase, and his idea will be correct"(3).

"He who plants in himself the love of different varieties of food will reap the fruits of different diseases"(4)

Some examples of food

Imam Ali referred to most types of food that the body needs to perform its vital functions, through many of his commandments and eloquent wisdom that were mentioned in the previous sections. We will devote this part to mention other types, which are as follows:

cluster, and they belong to the Vitis labrusca and Vitis vinifera, which include several main species, including Vitis, Vitis riparia and others.

Grapes have been known as food for humans since ancient times, as the inscriptions and drawings discovered in temples in Syria and Greece dating back to 2440 BC indicated that.

Its ingredients

Each cup of grapes, weighing about 150 grams, produces 104 calories when consumed, and that cup contains the following:

1- Carbohydrates: about 27 grams.

2- Sugar: 23 grams.

3- Fibers: up to 1.5 grams.

4- Proteins: about one gram.

5- Fat: up to a quarter of a gram.

6- It contains vitamins such as vitamin C in a large quantity, group of vitamins (B) and vitamin (K).

7- Grapes also contain a number of elements such as potassium, calcium and sodium.

Benefits of grapes

Grapes benefit in the following cases:

1- Resveratrol, found in grapes, reduces cholesterol in the body, which reduces heart disease.

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2- It works as an anti-cancer substance which protects the body from the accumulation of free radicals, hence it is a good anti- cancer substance.

3- The boron element found in grapes increases the estrogen hormone in females (upon reaching menopause), and thus it works to reduce the chance of developing osteoporosis.

Raisins are produced in many parts of the world, such as the United States of America, Australia, Argentina, Turkey, Syria, Iran and South Africa. There is a seedless type of it known as the Sultani grape. White grapes, with its various types, are among the best grapes for making raisins.

To obtain raisins, the grapes are dried in the sun, or in the shade in special ways.

Its contents

Raisins contain a large carbohydrate content of about 71 grams per 100 grams of weight, about the quarter of it is water (24 grams), a small percentage of proteins and much less (about half a gram) of fat. Raisins also contain small amounts of protein and fiber and very small amounts of phosphorous, iron and calcium, in addition to containing vitamins (B1) and (B2).

Its benefits

There are many benefits of raisins, among which we mention the following:

1- Helps removing toxins from the body.

2- It resists microbes and viruses.

3- It is useful in treating rheumatism.

4- It lowers high blood pressure.

5- It is useful in treating diseases of the liver and gallbladder.

6- Raisins contain compounds that fight the oral bacteria that cause tooth decay and gum disease.

7- It works to prevent many diseases because it contains vitamin (C) and the bioflavonoids group of antioxidants.

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8- It is useful for getting rid of stomach ache and burning stomach and intestines.

9- It is prescribed for the treatment of chest flu and chest burn.

Watermelon is a summer fruit known as melon in Arab countries other than Iraq.

Watermelon ingredients

According to the US Department of Agriculture, every 100 grams of watermelon produce 34 calories. It also consists of the following ingredients:

1- It consists of 92% water.

2- Sugar is about 16%.

3- Fatty substances by 43%.

4- It contains sulfur, phosphorous, calcium, potassium, chlorine and iron.

5- Protein materials up to 27%.

6- Vitamins (A) and (C).

Watermelon Benefits

Watermelon has many benefits, including the following:

1- Breaks the kidney stones and it is a diuretic.

2- It is used to fight hemorrhoids.

3- It increases in the sexual drive.

4- Watermelon resists the high blood pressure.

5- It is used as an excellent remedy for constipation because its fiber expels the waste accumulated in the intestinal wall.

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6- It is used in cosmetics as a treatment for skin tumors, and its water purifies the skin and complexion from freckles.

great role in facilitating the digestion of food, combating constipation, and increasing the appetite for food.

Recent studies have also shown that lettuce calms the nerves and relaxes the body by the lactucarium substance in it, which is an analgesic and anti-spasmodic substance.

It is preferable to have cooked garlic, especially for those who suffer from digestive problems, after removing the irritating substances from it through cooking. Regarding this, Imam Ali said: "Garlic should not be eaten except cooked"(1)

Garlic ingredients

Each 100 g of garlic contains about 470 calories. Garlic consists of a set of basic ingredients as follows:

1- Water is about 60-65% of its weight.

2- Carbohydrates, by about 23-30% of its weight.

3- Proteins, 35.5%.

4- Fiber, at 3.5%

5- Special ingredients known as "Alliin", "Alliinase", "Allicin" and "Secrodenine".

6- Mineral salts such as calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, iron and chlorine.

7- A group of vitamins such as (A) (B) (C).

Garlic Benefits

Garlic has great health benefits, including the following:

1- Garlic prevents blood clot formation by maintaining blood fluidity, due to the presence of (Allicin).

2- The Alliin substance present in garlic is used as an anti-cancer substance.

3- It works to maintain the level of cholesterol in the blood. 3

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4- It is used in the treatment of bee and insect stings.

5- It is useful for relieving dental pain.

6- It works to strengthen the body's immunity.

7- It helps prevent polio to a great extent.

8- It protects diabetics from the complications of numbness and the loss of sensation in the limbs.

9- It works to prevent memory loss.

10- It is useful as an anti-depressant.

11- It works to lower blood pressure, as it treats in particular Arterial hypertension by blocking the formation of angiotensin; it also works to prevent the formation of thromboxane which shrinks blood vessels, and it does not affect another substance whose task is to maintain blood flow, known as (Prostacyclin).

12- It works as a tonic, and as an aperitif.

13. Garlic is an antispasmodic.

14- It works to protect against cold and flu, coughing, and to remove coryza.

15- It is useful to improve the male sexual drive.

On the authority of Salamah, he said: I complained when I was at al-Madinah with from a severe illness, and I came to Abu Al- Hassan who told me: "I see you pale!" I said: Yes. He replied: "Eat leeks". So I ate it and I was healed"(1)

As for the Holy Prophet Muhammad, he said: "Leek is like bread in food"(1)

Leek Contents

The chemical analysis of leeks showed that every 100 g of it contains the following substances:

1- Water 90%.

2- Sugar, up to 5 grams.

3- Protein, about one gram.

4- Some salts and minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, manganese, iron, sulfur and silicon.

5- Vitamins (A), (B), (C) and (K) and on folic acid.

Leeks benefits

Leek has many benefits, including the following:

1- Expectorant food.

2- Diuretic.

3- It expels worms.

4- It has an anti-bacterial effect, especially Staphylococcus aureus. 7

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5- It resists anemia due to its iron content.

6- It stimulates the nervous system because it contains magnesium.

• Radish

From Imam al-Redha from his fathers that the Commander of the Faithful said: "The radish originally stops phlegm and digests food, and its leaves steep urine".(1)

Radish is a root vegetable and belongs to the cruciferous family.

Its contents

Each 100 grams of radish produces 16 calories, and it contains the following materials:

1- Water at about 93%.

2- Proteins.

3- Carbohydrates.

4- Very little fat.

5- Mineral salts such as calcium, iron, sulfur, manganese and iodine.

6- Its leaves are rich in vitamins (C) and (A).

Its benefits

Among the benefits of radish, we mention the following:

1- expels wind from the guts.

2- Digests food. 8

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3- It treats stone-forming illnesses in the gallbladder and liver ducts.

4- It treats throat congestion.

5- Prevents osteoporosis.

6- It is considered an appetizer

7- It prevents the formation of blood clots and their diseases.

8- Helps preventing coughing and asthma.

9- It prevents anemia due to its iron content.

10- Prevents tooth decay due to the presence of an oral substance that counteracts the enzymes responsible for the occurrence of that decay.

Chicory contains the following:

1- Inulin in the roots.

2- Sugars.

3- Proteins.

4- Fats.

5- Vitamins (K), (C), (B) and (A).

6- Amino acids.

7- Various mineral salts.

8- Other substances such as tannins, resin, Tarxien, choline and acticin.

Benefits of chicory

Chicory has many benefits, including the following:

1- Helps with the stimulate, emptying and disposing the bile.

2- It helps to revitalize the liver by containing the substance Tarxien.

3- An aperitif.

4- Reduces blood sugar.

5- It causes diuresis.

6- Helps to strengthen muscles.

7- It works to break up gallstones.

8- It works to break up kidney stones.

9- Relieves goiter.

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10- Helps treat bladder infections.

11- It produces milk for breastfeeding women.

12- It is useful for relieving psychological tensions.

The black seed of Fennel flower has been studied by many scientists and researchers, since ancient times until now, and its components were analyzed and many of them were extracted, and from these components we mention the following:

1- Proteins:

They are present in a high proportion, up to 20% of the total content. A large number of amino acids were noticed such as valine, methionine, threonine, leucine, glycine, cysteine, alanine, among others. It was noted that the amino acid arginine is the most abundant.

2- Fats:

It includes a number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic, arachidic, eicosanoid, palmitic and olein acids.

3- Carbohydrates:

The proportion of it in the black seed reaches nearly 20% and includes the sugars fructose, glucose and sucrose.

4- Vitamins: such as vitamins (B), (C) and (E).

5- Minerals:

It includes mineral elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium, zinc, magnesium and manganese.

6- Other compounds:

There are other compounds in the volatile oils of the black seed of Fennel flower, such as thymohydroquinone (0.5%) and Nigellone (2-5%) of the volatile oil. The oil also contains phenols and it contains antibiotics that kill microbes.

Its benefits

Among the many therapeutic benefits of the black seed, we mention the following:

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1- Nigellone is useful for asthma, bronchitis and whooping cough, and is also used as an expectorant and anti-cough.

2- It works to relax the muscles in general.

3- It is useful in treating renal colic.

4- An appetizing.

5- When mixed with honey, it is useful in treating back pain.

6- It is useful for getting rid of nematodes and tapeworms.

7- It stimulates the immune system.

8- It works to inhibit the growth of bacteria, especially Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

9- It has been shown to be useful in stopping the growth of tumors such as breast and prostate cancer.

and the rest of that includes water and a little salt, in addition to containing vitamins (B) and (E).

As for egg yolks, it consists of the following materials:

1- Fat at 30% of the weight of the yolk.

2- Protein, by 15%.

3- Essential minerals such as calcium, iron and phosphorous.

4- Eggs contain several forms of carotenoids, such as lutein and xanthine which are antioxidant-like compounds that play an important role in preventing vision loss, especially in the elderly. They also work to reduce cataract.

5- Eggs also contain choline, a compound necessary for human brain and memory development.

6- Vitamins such as (A, B, and D).

1- 7 - Little water compared to what is in the egg white, as it constitutes of about 5% in the yolk, while the water may reach about 20% of the weight of the egg white.

Eggs Benefits

Eggs, as we indicated earlier, are a complete food that is considered one of the best foods and among its most prominent benefits, we mention the following:

1- It is useful for strengthening sexual ability.

2- It immunizes children against rickets.

3- It immunizes children anemia.

4- It is beneficial for pregnant women.

5- It strengthens memory.

6- It helps fighting the diseases of the eye, ear, mouth and nose.

Medical use of eggs

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Eggs are used for purposes other than nutrition. There are many applications in which chicken eggs are used on a medical level, for example, or at other levels. Among these cases, we mention the following:

1- Using chicken to produce antibodies to certain types of bacterial and viral diseases that the hen collects in the egg, and then extracting them and using them later to treat humans.

2- Extracting certain peptides from the albumin protein known as (Ovotransferrin), which has a strong anti breast and prostate cancer effect.

3- Production of a type of fiber called collagen to be used as a raw material in many cosmetic products in Japan.

4- Eggs are also used in making soaps, inks, and paints.

5- Eggs are used in the production of salicylic acid, which is widely used in the production of aspirin.

6- Using crushed eggshells to extract calcium and add it to the human diet.

7- The lecithin substance which is present in egg yolks plays a major role in forming the cell wall, after it is combined with phosphatidylcholine. The substance resulting from the aforementioned combination is essential in the synthesis of the nerve conductor known as (acetylcholine), which plays an important role in developing the processes of remembering and learning.

And "The best milk which a child might have is the milk of his mother"(1)

And it was narrated from Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq that he said: “Ali used to like to break his fast with milk”(2).

It was narrated from the prophet Muhammad his saying: "God has not sent down a disease except that He revealed a cure for it, and in cow's milk there is a cure for every disease". (3)

And "nothing is sufficient for food and drink except milk”(4)

Milk was mentioned in more than one place in the Holy Qur'an, for example, it came in Surat An-Nahl in Allah's saying: "And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies between excretions and blood, We produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it"(5).

Milk provides the body with a wide range of necessary substances that it needs in all stages of its growth and development, and it is the most complete food from a biological point of view, and it is better than any single food.

Milk contents

The general analysis of milk showed that it was composed of the following substances:

1- Water, 86%.

2- Proteins, by 8%

3- Sugars, by 5%. 6

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4- Vitamins: such as vitamins (C), (D) and (A), thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and biotin.

5- Minerals and salts, such as calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, iron and manganese.

Milk benefits

Among the many benefits of milk, we mention the following:

1- It has a great health value in healing digestive disorders, and it is a medicine useful for chronic diarrhea, for example.

2- The proteins in milk provide the body with the antibodies necessary for the formation of the natural immunity.

3- Calcium and vitamin D in milk build bone tissue in the body, so it is very important for the growth of children, especially infants.

4- Vitamin (A) plays an important role in the formation of photoreceptors in the retina, especially in dim light or at night, so it is considered one of the necessities for the prevention of night blindness.

5- It is essential in providing the permanent vitality of the body and the safety of organs from diseases, so it is considered one of the most important foods that contribute to the prolongation of human life.

6- There are many studies published on the relationship between milk and cancer. There is a study that was published in the famous medical journal The Lancet in 1985, carried out by Dr. Garland from the University of California, USA. He studied the food eaten by a thousand men over a period of twenty years and found that those who drank two and a half glasses of milk a day were less likely to develop colon cancer much more than those who do not

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drink milk. Doctors from Japan also proved that consuming milk reduces the incidence of stomach cancer.

7- Scientists from New York University discovered that milk contains prostaglandin, which protects the body from ulcers.

And "You should eat Al-Birni dates(1), for they relieve fatigue, warm from coldness, satiate from hunger, and contains seventy- two forms of healing"(2).

Dates contents

Chemical studies have shown that dates consist of the following components:

1- carbohydrates; by 75%.

2- fats By 2.5%.

3- cellulose fibers; by 10%.

4- water; About a third of the weight of the date.

5- mineral salts; Its proportion reaches 3.1 percent, and among the most important are sodium, calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorous and magnesium.

6- vitamins; such as vitamins (C), (2B), (1B) and (A).

The percentages above differ slightly from one type of dates to another.

The benefits of dates

Dates have many benefits, including the following:

Because of the very few fats that dates contain, they are a good food for slimming the body.

1- Treats anemia because it contains iron.

2- It helps protecting the skin from drying out.

3- The large amounts of sugars in it helps in building muscle. 4- For the above reason, dates are useful in stimulating the movement of the uterine muscles to facilitate natural childbirth in pregnant women. 5

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5- Because it contains antioxidants, it plays a protective role against cancer.

6- It treats chronic constipation by activating the bowel movement because dates contain cellulose fibers.

7- It prevents nerve disorder and helps maintaining the integrity of the nervous system, because it contains vitamin (B) and a high percentage of sugar and potassium.

8- It is useful in treating tooth decay and reducing its decay, because it contains a high percentage of fluorine.

9- It stimulates the immune system.

10- It is useful in preventing night blindness because it contains vitamin A.

11- The vitamin (A) present in dates also contributes to the growth of the body.

According to the information of the US Department of Agriculture, a cup of vinegar (about 240 grams) generates (50) calories.

As for the weight of each (100) grams of vinegar, it contains basic ingredients, the proportions of which vary according to the materials from which the vinegar is made, and these ingredients are:

1- Acetic acid: 4% of its total weight.

2- Water: 93 grams.

3- Proteins: up to 0.2 grams.

4- Sugars: by 0.6 grams.

5- Some salts and minerals such as potassium (90 milligrams), and phosphorous (25 mg), sodium (20 mg), magnesium (20 mg), calcium (15 mg), and iron in the amount of half a milligram.

Vinegar benefits

Vinegar has many benefits in treating various bodily diseases. Among those benefits are the following:

1- It is used to reduce weight and get rid of obesity.

2- It lowers cholesterol levels in the blood.

3- It lowers blood pressure.

4- It prevents toothache and strengthens the gums.

5- Calms the pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

6- Helps reducing asthma.

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7- Contributes to the treatment of colic, vomiting and diarrhea.

8- It helps to get rid of coughing.

9- It is useful in getting rid of chronic headaches.

10- It works to combat insomnia.

Medicine

when using it, and not be averse from its taste or smell, and he must adhere to the method of taking it in terms of the dose and the time prescribed for taking it. And all this to achieve the desired goal of using the medicine, which is to achieve healing and enjoy perfect health. Here, the Imam's note about this aspect was obvious in his saying: "Whoever cannot bear the bitterness of the medicine, his pain will last"(1)

Medicines generally work in a specific manner, meaning that each drug has a specific site in the body that it is affected by it, and that the drug interacts with specific compounds that are also of its own and found on the surfaces of body cells or within those cells known as (receptors) Receptors and have the ability to affine chemically and interact with a drug.

And the relationship between the drug and its receptors is close and complex. The effect of the drug in showing its biological action in the body depends on the number of those receptors, their locations, the structural properties of each of them, and the extent to which they are affected by other substances that may bind to them.

And if some medicines are misused, they may affect the functional balance of the cells of the body, which leads to the occurrence of diseases that may be severe or fatal, thus turning the medicine into a toxic substance that can cause very bad consequences.

The concept of medicine has received great attention from Imam by saying: “Every living thing has a disease, and every illness has a cure"(2)

As for the Noble Prophet Muhammad, he encouraged medication by saying: "For every disease there is a cure"(3). 7

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And "Treat yourself, because God did not send down a disease except that He sent down medicine with it, except for death, for there is no cure for it"(1).

In the words of the Prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali, there is a source of hope and a strengthening of the soul for both the doctor and the patient. The feeling of the presence of the drug is an incentive for the doctor to search for it in order to use it in the treatment of the patient, and this is also an incentive for the patient as it sends hope for wellbeing and healing in his heart.

The Commander of the Faithful described the phenomenon of dealing with medicines in a wonderful way when he said: "Having medicine for the body is like soap for a garment, it purifies it but it causes it to be worn (2)

To confirm that taking medicine cures the body from a specific disease, but he also talked about side effects that lead to the occurrence of other diseases

If the food is natural and the diet is balanced and in harmony with the healthy nature of the body, then this will cause the person to stay away from taking medicines to a very large extent, so people should not resort to take medicines unless there is an actual need to do so, as the nature of the body is inclined to fix what is disrupted by its own, without the need for medications, due to the presence of the integrated vital system inside the body, and because of the presence of known defensive lines. But if there is a need to take medicine, which is something the doctor decides, then resorting to it becomes inevitable in order for the body to recover. 6

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On the other hand, the excessive use of medicines affects the healthy life of the individual and gives undesirable consequences. Also, the frequent use of drugs leads to disruption of the work of the receptors due to the competition of drugs to interact with those receptors, and then to the failure to achieve the desired goal of taking the drug

In this regard, Imam Ali said: "Speech is like medicine, a little of it benefits, and a lot of it perishes"(1). Recent studies have confirmed that excessive drug abuse leads to what is known as Parkinson's disease.

On the contrary, it is sometimes true that taking some medicines in the form of vaccines leads to what is known as stimulating the occurrence of self-resistance towards the disease itself. The Imam personified this phenomenon by saying: "Perhaps a disease hast turned into a medicine"(2).

There is another saying of the imam in which he expressed the two situations together: "Perhaps the medicine is a disease, and the disease is a medicine"(3)

such as tea and coffee increases the side effects of medications, such as the emergence of nervousness and insomnia associated with taking some medications(1).

The consumption of food may not solve all the health problems of the body, so it is necessary in this case to take advantage of medicines to restore health to the body.

The harmful interactions between medicine and food increase with age, due to the weakness of the metabolic activities of the elderly on the one hand, and because they are more addicted to medicines on the other hand.

In general, the combination of food and medicine is a double- edged sword. The drug may affect the body's ability to absorb food and its components such as vitamins, and food may affect the effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, doctors set dates for their patients to take medicines, such as before eating or after eating, according to the type of medicines and the nature of their work, in order to ensure the greatest possible benefit of the medicine.

2- The medicine that the doctor prescribes to the patient should be taken.

3- Adherence to the time for taking the medicine, such as before or after food, for example, as well as adhering to the prescribed period for taking it. It is not permissible to interrupt the treatment without referring to the doctor's instructions.

4- Commitment to the prescribed dose of the drug, because small amounts of it may not be effective to eliminate the disease. Also, large quantities may be dangerous when ingested.

5- Commitment to the manner in which the medicine should be taken, such as liquids, tablets or medical injections.

6- Not to take the drug for a long time or to repeat it without consulting the physician.

7- Not to use a prescription by the patient belonging to another patient suffering from the same disease without referring to the doctor.

8- Verify the expiry date of the drug used to benefit from the effectiveness when taking it.

9- Adhere to the correct methods for storing or preserving medicines, in accordance to the instructions for each medicine.

These effects are known by recognizing the symptoms caused by them. The incidence of side effects of the drug ranges from every ten thousand cases to ten cases, the latter being the most prevalent. In general, these symptoms may be general or specific.

In addition to the general side effects of antibiotics, such as allergies and indigestion, antibiotics may lead to the occurrence of other symptoms of their own.

3- Complications of chemotherapy:

It was noted that the complications of chemotherapy used in the treatment of many malignant diseases occur due to the effect on other non-cancerous cells. Among the well-known symptoms in this area are hair loss, diarrhea and skin diseases.

It was also noted that chemical treatments have toxic effects on nerves and nerve centers, which may cause nausea and vomiting.

4- Congenital malformations:

The symptoms associated with drugs affecting chromosomes (genes) or the development of a person as a fetus or during various stages of childhood are among the most dangerous side effects, as it has been observed that some drugs lead to birth defects. Perhaps the drug thalidomide, which was marketed in the period 1957-1961 in some European countries such as West Germany (formerly), was one of the most famous of these drugs that showed extremely dangerous side effects.

5- Cancer:

There are a number of drugs that affect the structural formation of genes inside the cells, increasing the chances of defects in those genes, and then increasing the chances of developing cancer, for example. Among these drugs, we mention immunosuppressive drugs, which can cause a weakness in the ability of the immune system.

Diet may be a panacea for many diseases, as is the case in preventing diabetics from eating sugars and starches, people with high blood pressure from eating salt, or those who suffer from excessive obesity, and so on.

Among the most eloquent of what the Imam said, in this regard, was: “Health is not attained except by diet"(1).

And "He who isn't patient on the reluctance of sticking to a diet will prolong his illness"(2).

And "goodness of the body is diet"(3).

branches that deals with the study of all the functions of the immune system and its activities in cases of health and disease, and it is generally concerned with studying the mechanisms that enable the body to distinguish between what is subjective (part of the body) to preserve it and not part of the body to get rid of it.

example, and chemical barriers, such as tears, saliva, nasal mucus, earwax, and gastric juice.

The second line of defense is what is known as the immune system, and it consists of the following elements:

1- Macrophages

They are cells capable of devouring foreign bodies such as bacteria and viruses.

2- Complements: They help the body to provide (adaptive) specific and (innate) non-specific immunity.

3- Lymphocytes:

They are mononuclear cells that are circulating in the blood and they kill foreign substances entering the body. They also prevent the growth of cancerous tumors by their high ability to destroy such cancerous (malignant) cells.

There are three types of lymphocytes:

A- Killer cells:

B-B cells: B-lymphocytes

C-T cells: T-lymphocytes

Thus, the immune system has become a true expression of the imam's concept of this topic.... Yes, dear reader, your medicine is in you and you aren't aware. There is a hidden pharmacists inside the body that prepares what the body needs of the ingredients to maintain its health and protect it from diseases.

A- The Innate immunity:

It is formed inside the body automatically without human intervention. This immunity may be qualitative, as it depends on the species, and it is formed against a specific disease in a particular animal without it being formed in another animal. There are some diseases that are not transmitted from animals to humans, as they are specific to the species, while there are other types that can be transmitted from animals to humans or from animals to other animals that differ in type.

The innate immunity is also hereditary, so it is passed down from one generation to the next. We find that individuals who have genetic immunity against certain diseases have inherited them from their ancestors.

B- Adaptive immunity:

This immunity may be ineffective, as is the case in congenital immunity, which is transmitted to the newborn through the mother's blood during fetal life, or through breastfeeding. Or the immunity might be as effective as that is acquired when the antigens enter the body, so that antibodies are formed within him to those foreign bodies, or when he is infected with some diseases.

The formed antibodies are known as immunoglobulins, and they are of five types:

1- Immunoglobulin E (IgE): (E).

2- Immunoglobulin (IgD): (D).

3- Immunoglobulin A (IgA): (A).

4- Immunoglobulin type (IgM): (M).

5- Immunoglobulin type (IgG): (G).

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On the other hand, immunity can be divided into two other types as well: natural immunity and artificial immunity. The latter differs from the first in that it is formed inside the body as a result of vaccinating it with special vaccines or serums that are able to protect the body by introducing (attenuated) substances that cause disease in order to stimulate the body to build immunity through the formation of antibodies to those vaccines and serums. And the imam's wonderful saying: "Perhaps a disease turns into a medicine(1)" is still presented before us in this regard. 4

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Embryology in Nahj al-Balaghah

The meanings of Imam Ali's sayings represented a clear echo of the Holy Qur'an, as they came in the clear verses of Surat Al-Tariq with the Almighty's saying: "So let man consider of what he is created: He is created of water pouring forth, Coming from between the back and the ribs"(1).

From Surah Az-Zumar: "He has created you from a single being, then made its mate of the same (kind), and He has made for you eight of the cattle in pairs. He creates you in the wombs of your mothers-- a creation after a creation-- in triple darkness"(2).

From Surah Mumenoon: “And certainly We created man of an extract of clay, Then We made him a small seed in a firm resting- place, Then We made the seed a clot, then We made the clot a lump of flesh, then We made (in) the lump of flesh bones, then We clothed the bones with flesh, then We caused it to grow into another creation, so blessed be Allah, the best of the creators"(3).

From Sura Ghafir: "He it is Who created you from dust, then from a small life-germ, then from a clot, then He brings you forth as a child, then that you may attain your maturity, then that you may be old-- and of you there are some who are caused to die before-- and that you may reach an appointed term, and that you may understand"(4)

From Sura al-Haj: "O people! if you are in doubt about the raising, then surely We created you from dust, then from a small seed, then from a clot, then from a lump of flesh, complete in make and incomplete, that We may make clear to you; and We cause what We please to stay in the wombs till an appointed time, then We bring you forth as babies, then that you may attain your maturity; 7

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and of you is he who is caused to die, and of you is he who is brought back to the worst part of life, so that after having knowledge he does not know anything"(1).

It is known that man depends for his food on plants or animals, which in turn depend on plants, and thus all living things derive their food in one way or another from plants that originate in the earth and from the earth. The imam had derived this image from the inspiration of the Holy Qur'an.

Thus, the data of modern science confirmed the eloquent scientific hadiths of the Imam, as various studies indicated the mechanism of the formation of the fetus in a detailed manner and in the manner that became clear to everyone at the present time.

fluid only, but rather from the confluence of the two. The Noble Qur'an preceded them centuries before that, with its valuable medical signification, both of the Prophet's medicine and the medicine of Ahlulbayt.

The fetus is created, as was clearly indicated by Imam Ali, in the darkness of the womb and the coverage of the veils. Regarding the darkness of the womb, medical data confirmed that the fetus is found within three darknesses:

1- Abdominal darkness represented by the abdominal wall.

2- The darkness of the uterus.

3- The darkness of the placenta, also known as the darkness of the fetal membranes that surround it.

This eloquent statement was quoted from the Noble Qur'an, as it was mentioned in Surat Az-Zumar: "He creates you in the wombs of your mothers-- a creation after a creation-- in triple darkness"(1).

As for the coverage of the veils, it is the plural of the endocardium, which is originally means the covering of the heart, and here it came as a metaphor for the placenta(2).

of the male gamete or what is known as the sperm (acrosome) with the female gamete or ovum.

A- A male sperm responsible for the formation of the female sex of the fetus when it fuses with the egg, according to the following picture:

(x1+x 22)

So, it is composed of 22 autosomal chromosomes and one sex chromosome of type (X).

B A male sperm responsible for the formation of the male sex of the fetus after its fusion with the egg, and its formula is as follows:

(Y1 + X 22), so it is composed of (22) autosomes and one sex chromosome of the type (Y).

As for the female gametes (eggs), they arise from the oocytes that are present in the ovary after a series of filamentous and meiotic cell divisions as well, which end with the formation of oocytes containing half of the original number of chromosomes as well. And all the eggs resulting from this division contain one chromosomal system:

(X1 + x22)

It is composed of 22 autosomal chromosomes and one sex chromosome.

2- The presence of sperm should coincide with the time of the ovulation of the egg from the ovary to the uterine canal, as it is ready to receive the sperm.

3- That the concentrations of (female) hormones are normal in a way that allows for the formation of eggs and their release from the ovary on the one hand, and preparing the uterus to receive the fetus formed on the other hand.

In order for the fertilization process to occur, the following must. happen:

A- The phenomenon of capacitation has to occur, which is changes that prepare the sperm (acrosome) to fertilize the egg

B - The occurrence of the acrosome reaction, and here the end cap of the acrosome secretes its own specific enzymes to enable it to penetrate the oocyte's garments or sheaths, which is the cumulus oophores, Zona pellucida, Corona radiate and radiant crown.

4- After the fusion of the components of the sperm (the male) with the components of the egg to form what is known as the fertilized egg or the zygote. When the sperm enters the egg, it prevents any other sperm from entering the egg due to the formation of a substance lining the egg membrane from the inside. If another sperm enters the egg, this does not lead to the formation of a normal embryo, but rather a mass of embryonic cells is formed that is thrown outside the body.

5- After fertilization takes place, the fertilized egg becomes active and begins dividing according to a system of numerical sequences into smaller cells to form a cell mass known as the morula. Then the blastocyst is formed, which begins with weeding or implantation in the uterine wall.

If a male sperm containing (22X1 + X) is fused with an egg, the fertilized egg will result in a female embryo, and the total number of chromosomes will be (22XX1 + XX) or (44X2 + X) i.e. (23XX) or (46X). But if a male sperm containing (22 X + Y1) chromosomes fused with an egg, the resulting embryo will be male and the number of chromosomes in it will be (44 XY1 + XX), which means that the fertilized egg contains 22 pairs of autosomes in the general form, (not in the size) each symbolizes (X), and one pair of sex chromosomes is differentiated in the general form and they are symbolized with (Y) and (X).

The Noble Prophet Muhammad clearly confirmed this in his saying: "The water (fluid) of the man is white and the water of the woman is yellow, so if they come together and the man's water get on top of the woman's water then the fetus is male, God willing, and if the woman's water is on top of the man's water, then the fetus is female, God willing"(1).

This is in complete harmony with the laws of the famous scientist Johannes Mendel (1822-1884) in genetics, which were announced after the Imam's saying by one thousand and four hundred years, that the dominant trait is the one that prevails over the recessive trait in the members of the new generation of births. After the development of research and study in genetics, it was found that chromosomes are responsible for the transfer of genetic traits, and that these chromosomes are composed of finer structures known as genes. At the end of the last century, the exact structures of these genes were known according to what is now known as the human genetic map.

2- The fibers of the muscle rings constantly gather until their gatherings are formed in each of the limbs, the chest, and around the eye to form what is known as flesh.

3- The formation of the outer and inner ear, and here is an indication of the formation of the sense of hearing.

4- The formation of pigments in the retina, the separation of the lens and the formation of the vitreous body, and thus vision is formed.

5- The beginning of cartilage formation (the formation of cartilage tissue), which grows into bones.

And this fetus, which was placed in a secure place until a known time, as indicated by Imam Ali, takes his role in the growth that continues for nine months, during which he moves in his mother's womb as the fetus does not speak and does not hear a call. Then he goes out from his seat (inside the womb) to the outside world, which is a new world for him that he has not witnessed before and he does not know the ways of its advantages, so he is guided to the breast of his mother by his innateness for nutrition, and that is the instinct of motherhood which is manifested by the mother to embrace her child and take care of him by providing safety and security for him.

The Imam begins describing the stages of the fetus's formation while he is in his mother's womb by saying: "He has made for you ears to preserve what is important, eyes to have sight in place of blindness and limbs which consist of many (smaller) parts, whose curves are in proportion with the molding of their shapes and lengths of their ages, and also bodies that are sustaining themselves

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and hearts that are busy in search of their food, besides other big bounties, obliging bestowings and fortresses of safety"(1).

The most eloquent statement in this sermon is that he has prioritized the sense of hearing over the sense of sight, deriving that precedence from what came in the Noble Qur'an of the obvious verses. In Surat Al-Mu'minoon, the Almighty said: "Say: He it is Who brought you into being and made for you the ears and the eyes and the hearts: little is it that you give thanks”(2).

As for Surat Al-Isra, the Almighty said: "surely the hearing and the sight and the heart, all of these, shall be questioned about that"(3).

And the Almighty said in Surah An-Nahl: "And Allah has brought you forth from the wombs of your mothers-- you did not know anything-- and He gave you hearing and sight and hearts that you may give thanks"(4)

Modern science has proven the truth of this through the following observations(5):

1- The sense of hearing is created long before the sense of sight. At the time when the fetus begins hearing in the fifth month of its life while it is still in its mother's womb, it cannot distinguish between darkness and light until about two and a half months after birth.

2- The researchers also proved that the child learns by hearing long before he can read. The information obtained by the individual through hearing is more permanent in the memory than that information that is read or seen. 5

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In the seventh week of the fetus's life, the final formation of its various organs begins. The fetus also begins to grow rapidly, as its length turns from 30 millimeters in the seventh week to about ten centimeters at the end of the thirteenth week (the end of the third month).

The Commander of the Faithful described the body as pieces that gather its organs, and fit their parts... What is meant here by body parts is the visible parts of the body, such as muscles and skin, which join the internal organs in a precise and tight manner in order to preserve them from external harm such as bruises and wounds and the like, as well as to enable the internal organs to perform their functions to the fullest.

And in synergy between the muscles, bones and nerves, what is known as the locomotor system is formed, which enables the body to perform movements freely and to bend easily in various directions.

Thus, Imam Ali illustrated the relationship between the structure and function of the various organs of the human body, and by this he referred to the greatness of the structure of the body and the specialization of its organs to perform their specific functions, a matter that cannot be underestimated. The Imam addresses the human being by saying:

You consider yourself to be a speck, but within you the great universe has spread open(1).

Whoever contemplates the accuracy of the synergy between the body's organs to perform its vital functions to the fullest, he stands humbled and amazed before the greatness of the divine miracle in which it is impossible for researchers and scientists to probe all its 7

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depths... Rather, they are still searching and striving to know more about the nature of the body and how to perform its functions according to the outlined mechanisms.

It was noted that the body consists of a specific internal environment that includes different components such as water, fluids, gases, elements, salts, vitamins, enzymes, and others, in very precise and limited quantities, affecting each other. If the components deviate from their known levels, it will lead to an imbalance in the vital functions of the body. Therefore, the disease is defined as an imbalance in the stability of the internal body environment "homeostasis".

On the other hand, some wit writers and researchers describe the human body as a hierarchical body in order to facilitate the study of its components. Some see it similar to the state.

The state is composed of ministries (sovereign and service), and the human body is composed of various systems.

Every ministry is composed of general departments, and in contrast, every system of the body is composed of organs. Just as the general department consists of secondary departments (divisions and offices), every organ in the body is composed of tissues.

Each department or division consists of a number of employees (whether few or many), a single tissue also consists of cells.

Since the single employee forms the building block in the administrative structure of the state, the living cell is the building block of the living organism in both functional and structural terms.

The human body can also be compared to the whole universe. The latter consists of galaxies which is similar to the composition of the

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living body of systems. Each galaxy consists of solar groups, and each group consists of planets, and the planets have moons attached to them, and our planet is made of continents, and the continent is made of countries, and each country is made of administrative units that progress in formation from large and smaller cities to reach the areas and branches that are similar to the cell in building the body of the living organism.

They are beautiful and reasonable analogies to some extent, but they do not rise to the greatness of the formation of the human body, since the human being has the supreme value among all these beings. It was stated in the decisive verse: "Certainly We created man in the best make"(1).

Yes, O human being... You are, as the master of rhetoricians said about you, you are not a small speck, but you are a being who represents the summit of the divine miracle, and therefore, the greater world is included in you. 4

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Senility

Aging, or what is known as senility, is the progression in age that living organisms in general, including humans, go through as a result of their growth. Aging can also be defined as an imbalance or damage in the system of vital processes occurring within the body of the organism, or an imbalance in the principle of stability of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis).

Aging is a natural functional phenomenon that a person must pass through his life. Aging may be accompanied by dementia. Hence, aging is a phase of life that disturbs the person who is passing through it, whether he knows it or not, and thus it disturbs him.

Old age has been mentioned in the Holy Qur'an as the most despicable age, in the Almighty's saying in Surat An-Nahl: "and of you is he who is brought back to the worst part of life"(1)and in Surat Ghafir: "then He brings you forth as a child, then that you may attain your maturity, then that you may be old"(2).

A man who is going through the stage of old age is known as (the sheikh) in Arabic, then the woman who is going through this stage of life is known as (Ajooz) in Arabic. This was made clear in Surah Hud from the Holy Qur'an: "She said: O wonder! shall I bear a son when I am an extremely old woman and this my husband an extremely old man?"(3).

branches of internal medicine in the past, then it became a science in its own right, just like other medical sciences.

action of an enzyme known as telomerase, which in turn consists of RNA and protein. And that this enzyme is not activated in normal conditions, so its presence and effectiveness in cases of tumors are related to uncontrolled cell divisions of cancer cells. and this is another topic that is not related to the subject of our study now.

Symptoms of aging

Symptoms of aging occur mostly between 65 and 70 years of age and this varies from one place to place according to environmental, social and psychological conditions, level of learning and others. It also differs between males and females. The old age also depends on the average age in general.

There are some changes that occur in both phenotypic traits and functional efficiency throughout the body in the aging stage, but we will refer to the most important organs affected by aging, which are as follows:

Firstly, the heart:

The heart functions begin to decline with age, as the latter leads to a decrease in the ability of the heart to diastole and systole, and then to a decrease in its ability to pump blood.

When the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute decreases, the systolic blood pressure tends to rise. In addition to the foregoing, there are general problems that occur to the heart and circulatory system with age, including the following(1):

1- Arteriosclerosis due to the accumulation of fats and cholesterol in them. )

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2- Difficulty in the work of the heart due to the lack of blood supply.

3- The occurrence of angina pectoris.

4- Heart failure in the elderly, especially those over the age of seventy-five. This heart failure occurs ten times more in the elderly than in the younger ones.

5- The occurrence of the irregular heartbeat.

Secondly, the lungs:

It was observed that the lung function decreases with age. Recent studies have shown that changes in lung function due to age can be distinguished from those that occur as a result of diseases which humans might have.

With age, there are obvious structural changes in the respiratory system. For example: the shape of the rib cage changes, becoming more circular, the cartilage between the ribs is calcified, the size of the large bronchi increases, while the internal diameter of the bronchi decreases after the age of forty.

The researcher Yoshinosuke Fukushchi from Japan noted in 2009 that the surface area of the alveoli decreases by up to 15% when a person reaches the age of seventy, and thus the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs decreases(1).

Thirdly, the brain:

The changes that occur in the brain during aging can be summarized as follows:

1- Memory loss. 2

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2- Loss of neural circuits.

3- Loss of brain flexibility.

4- Thinness of the cerebral cortex.

Advanced techniques in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines have shown the structure of the brain in the smallest detail. The scientist Bartzukis and his group observed a decrease in the volume of gray matter between puberty and the later years of human life: While it was noted that the volume of white matter increases between (19-40) years, and then begins to decline after that, with age.

Those were structural changes. As for the chemical changes, they are embodied by changes in chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Both (Hof) and (Mobbs) reported in 2009 that the brains of centenarians showed a decrease in dopamine synthesis(1).

Prior to that (1984), the researcher (Dong) and his group noticed a decrease in the amounts of serotonin transporters and receptors with the advancing age of the human being. Perhaps the most common diseases of the elderly, related to brain functions, are Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease and cerebrovascular disease.

In the field of maintaining brain health of the elderly, scientists are now urging them to practice some simple arithmetic operations in order to stimulate neurons to increase their branches, which leads to improving the efficiency of their nervous system.

Fourthly: Kidneys: .

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The kidneys play an important functional role in controlling the chemical balance in the body. Like other bodily organs, its function may decrease to some extent with age.

In general, the decline in the function of the kidneys during old age can be summarized by the following events:

1- Decrease in the number of nephrons, which are the filtering units of the kidneys which are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood.

2- The decline of the renal tissue in general, but the loss of the weight of the kidney may affect the cortex of the kidney more than the core, with the appearance of a noticeable thinness in the parenchymal tissue of the aforementioned cortex. It is believed that this is due to vascular changes.

3- The blood vessels supplied by the kidneys become more solid, which leads to a slowdown in the blood filtration processes.

In general, renal function is normal in elderly individuals, although it is slower than in younger people.

(Zhou), (Laszek) and (Silva) indicated in 2008 that the average weight of the kidney increases from birth until the age of (40-50) years, and then begins to decrease about 20-30% of its weight in the seventh and eighth decades of age(1).

Fifthly, Other symptoms:

In addition to that, there are other symptoms that appear in the aging stage, including:

1- Decreased posture erection.

2- Wrinkle of the skin. .

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3- Hair loss and its discoloration.

4- Weakness of the senses of hearing, sight and smell.

5- Weak sexual drive.

6- Weakened immune system.

Is there a more obvious and more accurate expression than the expression of Imam Ali in illustrating the relationship between aging (old age) and the public health of the individual when he said that a person complains without a disease when he reaches the age of seventy? This means that he complains about the inefficiency of his bodily systems without direct practical reasons for the occurrence of diseases.

And when he said: whoever is missed by the arrow of death, he will undoubtedly be constrained by the old age, which means that the general functional performance of his various bodily systems will be limited and restricted.

And that the death of man is an inevitable end, as old age must lead to death, and the people of the young must go through the stage of aging in their later life, and that the living people wait nothing but the time of annihilation.

leads to a loss of skin elasticity and the occurrence of what is known as osteoporosis.

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Senses

Imam Ali said about the senses: "Be amazed at man who sees using a piece of fat, talks using a piece of meat, hears using a piece of bone, and breathes through a hole”(1).

When studying these organs, at the present time, we find the accuracy of what the Imam mentioned of a wonderful scientific description of them, in his time, illustrating the structure and function of each of them, a description that is very clear and simple, and demonstrating the divine miracle in how these senses perform their functions.

surrounding it, meaning inside this cavity there is fat that surrounds the eyeball. And when this fat melts when sick, for example, the eyes become sunken inside the orbit.

The eyeball consists of three layers:

A - The cornea:

It is a hard layer located on the outside of the eyeball, and its front part appears transparent, and this part is also known as the white of the eye.

b- The choroid:

It is located in the center, and it is composed of a black pigment rich in blood vessels. This layer extends near the back edge of the cornea, forming what is known as the iris. In the middle of the iris there is a round hole, the pupil, whose diameter varies according to the intensity of the light (2-8 mm).

C - The retina:

It covers the eyeball from the inside, and it is made of the small ends of the optic nerve branches.

brain in the form of nerve impulses, where they are distinguished there.

The research of scientists (Wold), (Hartline) and (Granit), recipients of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1967, led to a better understanding of the mechanism of vision, as they indicated that optical molecules stimulate retinal cells to receive light; These cells consist of two types: rod cells known as the rods, which are nearly 130 million rods and are responsible for receiving gray light, and cone cells called cones, which number seven million and are responsible for receiving colored light.

The retina, with its rods and cones, becomes the scene of successive physical and chemical events, and it represents a real chain of reactions. When light hits these cells, an electric current is generated, and it is transmitted to the occipital lobe from the posterior region of the brain(1).

The imam indicated that man speaks with flesh, and what is meant here by flesh is the tongue. And the expression of the tongue is a synonymous of what is in Arabic language for speech or pronunciation, so it is said that the tongue is eloquent, i.e. eloquent speech, and from that came the strong connection between the tongue and speech. The tongue is a singular term used to refer to the organ sometimes the Tongue, and to language, or to phonetics and pronunciation at other times.

in bundles that overlap with each other to move in various directions.

The tongue is supplied with blood vessels and nerves.

shape to the shape of the cochlea, and it is the part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. The semicircular ducts are three ducts located in three approximately orthogonal planes and are filled with lymphatic fluid.

that has the length, and it is responsible for transmitting sound waves(1).

It is worth noting that the presence of two ears for a human being was not just for phenotypic coherence, but rather it is of great importance for distinguishing the sound source. The sound that arrives from one side of the ear which is on the side of the sound source is a little faster than it reaches the other ear (on the other side). Thus, the brain can distinguish between the slight differences in the intensity and accuracy of the sound and determine its source. It seems that each ear adds its response to the response of the other ear, and thus the sound heard with both ears appears to be louder than if it were heard with one ear(2).

muscles of the body, in order to adjust the position of the body and restore its balance(1)

4- Protecting the respiratory system from dust, microbes and other substances that may enter through the nose, due to the presence of bristles and mucus in the nose.

Prayer

shameful and unjust deeds)(1), and in Sura al-Mumenoon: (Successful indeed are the believers, Who are humble in their prayers)(2)

The Imam emphasizes the importance of prayer as a fundamental pillar of the Islamic religion and he emphasized, as Darilano pointed out, that the prayer achieves two goals, the first is religious and the other is healthy.

It is useful for man to clean his visible bodily organs since we knew that hygiene keeps away many diseases from humans such as influenza, tonsillitis, conjunctivitis and skin diseases. It also eliminates many types of bacteria that are found in the mouth and nose, which infect humans with respiratory diseases, pneumonia, sinuses, and others. And then the Muslim has embodied the hadith of the Noble Prophet who said: "Clean up, for Islam is clean”.

4- Social Intimacy:

As for group prayer, in particular, it achieves intimacy between people through their meeting to perform this duty. Meeting other people and talking to each other when performing the obligatory prayer leads to the strengthening of social bonds through that acquaintance that serves the community and works to advance it.

5- Develop a sense of responsibility:

Prayer leads to the development of a sense of self-responsibility, as the performance of this duty without supervision but God Almighty creates in the individual a special sense of responsibility that leads him to take his other responsibilities seriously which are related to other people in society.

Prayer causes an important activity in the body's systems and it is the greatest generator of bodily activity known so far(1).

We will review this from two main points of view:

A- Health benefits before prayer:

It is achieved through ablution and purity, and this was clearly discussed before.

B - Health benefits during prayer:

Prayer itself has many health benefits, including the following:

1- It is a good way to get rid of psychological tension.

2- It stimulates blood circulation.

3- It prevents varicose veins.

4- It protects against osteoporosis in the later age.

5- Achieve a better physical fitness of the body.

6- It works to strengthen the muscles of the spine and prevent herniated disc.

7- Improves the ventilation of the lungs.

8- It strengthens the secretion of the gallbladder.

9- It benefits pregnant women a lot.

10- If we take the belt-low bowing (Ruku') precisely, we find that it benefits the muscles of the abdominal walls and helps the stomach to contract and then perform its digestive function. .

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11- As for prostration, it is beneficial for the air rushing from the abdomen to the mouth, relieving it from the stress of stretching. Long prostration is beneficial for who suffers from the flu and cold, and it prevents the catarrh from descending to the throat. Also, prostration benefits the head, as the brain needs to increase the blood circulation that passes through it, and this is achieved when prostrating, which increases the flow of blood to it.

A- The rise of the hormone adrenaline at the end at noon, so the prayer works to calm the person after that hormonal rise.

B - The testosterone hormone in men reaches its peak at noon, so the prayer will help to calm the person.

C - At the end of the morning, the body becomes in need of an additional supply of energy that necessarily comes from eating a quick meal (lunch), so prayer is an important factor to calm the tension caused by hunger.

Third: The Maghrib and Isha prayers

They take place at the time of the natural transition from light to dark, and the opposite of what happens in functional shifts occurs during the day. Among these transformations are the following:

A- An increase in melatonin secretion due to darkness, which leads to a feeling of laziness and drowsiness.

B - Decreased levels of cortisone, serotonin and endorphins.

C - Dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system instead of the control of the sympathetic system.

From here, it becomes clear to what extent the secretion of hormones and the times of the vital (functional) activity of the body coincide with the times of prayer.

And performing the prayer at its specified times and in a monotonous manner is considered as influential conditional nervous reflexes with the passage of time, so that each prayer in itself can become a signal for the start of biological processes in the body.

It is worth noting that hormones are chemical compounds that are secreted by non-ductal glands known as endocrine glands, and they move through the bloodstream to different parts of the body. The endocrine glands found in the human body(1) are:

1 - Pituitary gland:

It is located on the ventral surface of the base of the brain, and has a weight of about 6.0 g. As for its size, it is slightly larger than the size of a chickpea. This gland secretes multiple hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin (known as relief hormone or lactation), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and gonadotropin-stimulating hormones (testes and ovaries) such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

2- Thyroid gland:

It is located in front of the trachea and at the bottom of the larynx; It weighs about 30 grams, and it has the size of a large peach. The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

3- Parathyroid glands:

They are four very small bodies located next to the thyroid gland, which secrete the parathyroid hormone responsible for calcium metabolism in the body.

4 - Adrenal glands:

Each one of them is located on top of one of the kidneys, and they weigh about six grams. Each gland consists of two external sections known as the cortex, which are responsible for the secretion of cortisone, aldosterone and some sex hormones; and an )

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inner section known as the pulp that secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

5- Pineal gland:

It is a conical gland located in the dorsal surface of the brain. It weighs about 5.0 grams, and its size is the size of a grain of rice. This gland secretes the hormone melatonin.

6 - Thymus gland:

It is located above the heart, in the area where the main arteries exit from it, and it weighs about 30 grams before puberty. The thymus secretes the hormone thymosin.

7 - Islets of Langerhans:

They are endocrine cells found scattered throughout the pancreas, making up about 1% of the weight of the pancreas, and they secrete the hormone insulin and glucagon, which are responsible for maintaining the level of sugar in the body constant under the normal level.

8- The gonads (testes and ovaries):

A- The testicles:

They are two symmetrical oval glandular organs located in the scrotum and they release two types of secretions, one of which is external (through its own ducts), which is the seminal substance that contains the sperms; And the other is internal (directly into the blood), which are male hormones such as Androsterone and Testosterone.

B - The ovaries:

They are two oval glandular organs located on either side of the pelvis. Each of them secretes two types of secretions, one of which

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is external, which are eggs, and the other is internal, which are the hormones known as estrogens and progesterone.

With regard to Sciatica, Dr. Al-Shaarani noted its absence in those who committed themselves to prayer before the age of ten and continued in it, and it occurred by 22% among those who started their prayers after the age of thirteen; While the incidence of sciatica was 25% among those who did not pray.

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Almighty said in Surat Al-Baqarah: (O you who believe! fasting is prescribed for you, as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may guard (against evil))(1).

There is no longer the slightest doubt among doctors, philosophers, researchers and others that fasting is one of the necessities of life, and it is as the Almighty said in Sura Al-Baqarah: (and that you fast is better for you if you know)(2).

The truth is that humans are not the only species that fast. Natural scientists have found that all living creatures go through a fasting period no matter how much food is available around them. Animals fast and confine themselves for days and perhaps months in their holes where they refrain from food, and even insects pass during their life stages in the stage of the cocoon in which they fast when they are completely isolated within her cocoon. It has been observed that all these creatures come out after their fasting period and are more energetic and livelier, and most of them increase in growth and health after the fasting period.

As for the human being, fasting is of two types. The first is known as medical fasting or healthy fasting, which is almost a type of diet, while the other is known as religious fasting or Islamic fasting (for Muslims). Medical fasting has purely physical (bodily) goals related to the general physical health of the individual. While religious fasting has social, moral and educational goals in addition to health goals.

The importance of Islamic fasting also lies in the fact that it is a temporary fast, that is, from dawn to sunset. In 1964, Dr. Drenick and his assistants recorded a number of serious complications as a result of the continuation of fasting for more than (31-40 days). 4

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Therefore, the divine miracle came to dedicate one month to fasting, that is the blessed month of Ramadan.

Fasting the month of Ramadan has become a fast that is followed by all doctors, scientists and researchers, both Muslims and non- Muslims. Russian Professor Nikolaev Beloy (from Moscow) emphasized in his book "Hunger for Health" published in 1976, that every person should practice fasting by abstaining from food for 3-4 weeks every year in order to enjoy full health throughout his life.

Many scholars and researchers, both Muslims and non-Muslims, have written about fasting and during various ages. Perhaps the most prominent of what was mentioned in this regard are the following: Dr. Alexei Forin says in his book "Healing by Fasting" translated into Arabic(1) in 1930: "Fasting treats all diseases at once, while other treatments treat certain cases, and that the origin of most diseases is from excess food or what pass through the stomach and don't benefit the body. These extra nutrients generate many germs and bacteria, and they provide the required conditions. for their growth, so the excess extra nutrition must be removed by abstaining from eating."

As for Buchinger, he explained in his book "Treatment with Fasting as a Biological Method" published in 1941, how fasting is used to treat many incurable diseases, and he showed that hunger changes the composition of the organic structure of the body, and leads to the expulsion of toxins from it. Dr. Alexis Carrell, who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1912, says in his book "The Unknown Man"(2) which was published in Arabic in 1973: "A fasting person may first feel hungry and nervous, then a feeling of weakness follows; However, in addition to that, much .

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more important hidden matters happen, as the sugar of the liver will be burned and it will burn with it the fat stored under the skin and the proteins of the muscles and glands, and all the organs sacrifice their own nutrition to maintain the stability of the internal environment of the body and the integrity of the heart, and that fasting cleans and replaces tissues."

Pope Shenouda III pointed out in his book "The Spirituality of Fasting" that fasting is a period of resting for some bodily systems from the exhaustion resulting from eating, especially continuous eating or eating at irregular times, so these devices get confused when new food enters that needs to be digested over half-digested food over food that is about to finish digesting. As for fasting, the organs of the body take a great deal of rest.

Among the benefits of fasting is that it is useful for training not to eat between meals.

4- It is useful for dissolving the accumulated fat in the body to reduce obesity and sagging diseases.

5- It is useful in treating skin diseases and relieving allergic diseases.

6- It is useful for curing joint pain.

7- It is useful for treating many psychological diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety and frustration.

8- It lowers the testosterone hormone and thus it works to reduce sexual arousal.

9- Experiments have confirmed that fasting extends life. 10- Fasting affects the activation of brain cells that double their vitality to stop the activity of the digestive system, so that blood rushes abundantly to the brain tissues to nourish them.

11- Fasting reduces the amount of semen and breaks the sexual desire.

12- It reduces the level of urea and uric acid in the blood.

13- It is a good way to treat asthma and respiratory diseases.

14- It protects against heart disease and atherosclerosis.

15-It lowers blood pressure.

16- In sum, fasting is one of the most important weapons of preventive medicine.

fasting that may harm the fasting person, it was mentioned in the clear verses of the Quran: (and whoever is sick or upon a journey, then (he shall fast) a (like) number of other days; Allah desires ease for you, and He does not desire for you difficulty) (Surat Al- Baqarah, verse 185).

Among the diseases in which it is prohibited for a Muslim to fast, we mention the following:

1- A bleeding stomach ulcer.

2- Acute diarrhea.

3- Acute colon infections, especially when symptoms of bleeding and severe pain appear.

4- Malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

5- Viral liver diseases.

6- Some heart diseases.

7- Anemia.

8- Diabetes.

9- Acute chest infection and pulmonary tuberculosis.

10- Kidney failure and some acute and chronic kidney diseases.

11- In some cases of pregnancy and lactation.

12- Old age, it includes the old people or the ones who have signs of death.

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The amount of milk produced by the mother depends on the mother's feeding of her child. The more a woman breastfeeds her child, the more milk she will produce, so it is very beneficial to breastfeed the child on demand rather than focusing on a special feeding schedule.

The mother's milk provides her infant with sufficient amounts of calories during his life in the lactation period.

In general, breast milk contains the following substances:

1- Colostrum: It is a yellow food substance rich in proteins and antibodies that provide immunity to the infant. It is secreted by the nursing mother during the first three days of birth.

2- Fats and fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids.

3- Proteins such as casein, lactomy sin and lysozyme.

4- Carbohydrates, such as lactose.

5- Minerals, such as calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium and chlorine

4- Breast milk is an important source of nucleotides (the basic units for building and synthesizing chromosomes in the cell.) that help form new cells.

6- It reduces the bleeding caused by childbirth.

7- It helps the mother to return to her pre-pregnancy weight.

8- It provides an intimate presence for the mother in the life of her child. If she is breastfeeding him in a calm mood and a normal psychological state, this will affect the child's behavior. But if the mother is nervous and tense psychologically, this will undoubtedly be reflected on her baby, and then may affect his mood and behavior.

And the Imam did not neglect that when he said: "Do not make a fool breastfeed your children, for the milk

milk overcomes temperament"(1), he also said: "Look at who breastfeed your children, for the child is growing up on it"(2).

Miswak Ingredients

The roots of Arak (miswak) contain many chemical components, including the following:

1- A high percentage of fluoride, chloride, sulfur and silica.

2- Vitamin (C).

3- Small amounts of saponins, tannins and flavonoids.

4- Large amounts of sitosterol.

5- It also contains quantities of resinous materials.

6- The substance (trimethylamine).

How to use it?

To use the miswak, the following instructions must be followed:

1- Clean the arak roots after collecting them from the soil, wash them well and then dry them.

2- Avoid placing the toothpick uncovered and exposed to dirt accumulation. Rather, it should be kept in a place away from moisture.

3- Cut the used filaments before use, then cut off the tip of the toothpick with a sharp knife, and mash it with the teeth until the fibers appear to be ready for use in the form of a brush. Recently, special pens have been made in which the miswak is placed in order to make it easy to carry in the pocket and to maintain its freshness.

4- Do not sculpt the teeth and harm the gums with a toothpick, as this may lead to excessive sensitivity of the teeth.

Miswak Benefits

Miswak has many benefits, including the following:

1- Miswak works to stop the growth of bacteria in the mouth, because it contains sulfur. The Director of the Institute of Microbes

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and Epidemiology at the University of Rostock, Germany, indicated in his research that the toothpick used by Muslims is one of the finest means of cleaning teeth because it contains an effective substance against bacteria similar in effect to penicillin.

Dr. Christine, a professor of dentistry and periodontology at the University of Illinois, USA, pointed out that the toothpicks used in Namibia, for example, extracted from the plant (Diospyrus lycidius) contain six compounds that fight microbes, four of which are combined with diospyron and the other two are juglone and (7- methyl Juglone), which are the most effective against bacteria, as their effectiveness is similar to a mouthwash known as (Listerine).

2- It lowers the pH of the mouth due to the presence of Trimethylamine, and the low pH reduces the chances of bacterial growth in the mouth.

3- It works, by the action of sitosterol and vitamin (C), to strengthen the capillaries that nourish the gums, which increases the blood circulation to them in sufficient quantities.

4- It increases the whiteness of the teeth due to the presence of chloride, fluoride and silica, and the toothpicks remove the layer of plaque. Scientists have considered that plaque is the main factor for dental caries and gum disease that affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. And this plaque is formed when oral bacteria begin to form their colonies that occupy the teeth. In general, the toothpicks are a means of cleaning the mouth and teeth. The World Health Organization has encouraged to use the miswak as an important tool in this field, especially in poor countries, because the miswak is a natural, cheap and available toothbrush for everyone. It should also be noted that the arak is used in the preparations of toothpastes.

5- Prevents tooth decay due to the presence of fluoride.

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6- It sweetens the mouth with its good flavor.

7 - improves the voice.

8- The drenched arak root is used as a drink, to kill some types of bacteria in the stomach and intestine.

9- Coating the teeth with arak powder strengthens and repairs the gums and purifies them from waste and germs.

10 - As for the fruit of the arak, it strengthens the stomach, improves digestion, removes phlegm, and is useful for back pain.

The conclusion

Miswak plays an important functional role in maintaining the public health of the individual by cleaning the mouth and teeth, if we consider that the mouth is the main entrance to the human body, and it is the gate overlooking the various organs of the body through which the organs of digestion, breathing, circulation, nervous system, senses and others are preserved.

And the more time passed, the more the need for its use increased, by revealing more knowledge about its basic ingredients. Since the time of Imam Ali to this day, the need for such an effective means continues to play its role in contributing to the preservation of the health and safety of the individual in many regions of the Islamic world.

He also said: "Whenever the Messenger of God suffered from pain, his first treatment was cupping"(1).

And on the authority of Shuaib Al-Aqraqufi, on the authority of Abu Ishaq Al-Azdi, on the authority of Abu Ishaq Al-Sabi'i, on the authority of whom he mentioned that the Commander of the Faithful used to wash his body after cupping and bathing, Shuaib said: I mentioned it to Abu Abdullah Al-Sadiq, and he said: When the prophet used to do cupping, his blood swelled up and his blood pressure got high. So, he used to wash with cold water to cool down the temperature of the blood. And that when the Commander of the Faithful used to enter the bathroom, his body temperature got raging, and he poured cold water on his body, so the heat would cool down(2).

What is cupping?

Cupping is to hold the blood under the skin or withdrawing it from the body. The first case is known as dry cupping, without excreting the blood. As for the second case, it is called (blood cupping).

Linguists define cupping as the craft of cupping, and to cup means to aspirate. The cupping machine is the machine that collects the blood of cupping when aspiration. The name cupping may come from the size and scaling, that is, to reduce something.

Cupping is an ancient medical practice known to man since the ancient times, since the time of the Chinese, Pharaohs, Babylonians, Indians, Greeks and Romans. As for the Arabs, they knew cupping much before Christ, for their medicine was limited to ironing and describing some plants and weeds, in addition to the practice of cupping. 1

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The Muhammad endorsed Holy Prophet cupping and recommended it to his nation. Among his sayings in this regard:

•"Healing is in three: a drink of honey, a cupping ripping, and cauterization with fire. And I forbid my nation from ironing". (1)

•And: "Do cupping for yourself if blood effervesces in you, for the blood may effervesce(2) in the body, and it may kill the person"(3).

•And: "Cupping on the head is a cure for every disease except death"(4)

•And: "How good cupping is in the Eid, it improves the sight and removes diseases"(4)And: "the best treatment you have: cupping and phlebotomy(5)(6)

Cupping method

Whether the cupping is dry or bloody, narrow-mouthed and wide- bodied glass cups called cupping glasses are used, and the air is emptied, either by burning a little cotton or a piece of paper inside them and then they are directly placed on the skin on which cupping is required.

Cupping locations

The cupping that is familiar to people is in a place between the shoulders, but this does not mean that it can't be performed in other 7

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places of the body, according to the need that requires cupping, it may be in the head, in the temples, under the jaws, in the muscles of the legs, etc...

Cupping benefits

Among the benefits of cupping, we mention the following:

1- Ridding the body of toxic substances and senescent cells.

2- Regulating the work of the autonomic nervous system.

3- Regulating endocrine secretions, which leads to hormonal balance in both males and females.

4- It reduces high blood pressure.

5- Balance of acids and alkalis in the blood.

6- It calms the nerves.

7- It activates and renews blood circulation by stimulating the production of new blood cells.

8- Activates the lymphatic system.

9- It activates neurotransmitters due to the increase in dopamine secretion.

10- It activates the movement centers in the body.

11- It is useful in treating chronic headaches and migraines.

• He said: "Health can only be obtained through diet”(1).

• And: "The wellbeing of the body is through diet"(2).

• And: "the stomach is the home of diseases, and diet is the head of medicine, and there is no health with gluttony"(3).

• And: "He who is not patient with the reluctance of a diet his illness will prolong"(4).

• And: "two are ever ill, a healthy man who doesn't eat balanced food, and an ill person who doesn't follow a diet". (5)

• And: "Do not make your stomachs the graves of animals". (6)

What is diet?

Diet is a special regime for adapting food to the general state of human health. Diet is of two types: one for the sick, and one for the healthy.

Patients' diets are of different types, and all of them are related to the patient and the nature of his disease. Each of these diets has its own regime. Examples include the high blood pressure diet by avoiding table salt, the diabetes diet by avoiding eating sugar, and the body weight control diet by avoiding consuming a lot of fluids. and carbohydrates.

Doctors still direct their patients in many health cases to adhere to the diet because it represents the basis of the treatment, or rather it is the whole of the treatment. Here, both the doctor and the patient require full knowledge of the types of foods and their nature in 6

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order to use it to achieve what is intended for them to provide the required health for the individual.

2- Feeling of chills.

3- Thirst.

4- Loss of appetite.

5- Dry skin.

6- Headache and pain in the head.

7- Turbidity in urine.

8- Feeling of broken organs, i.e. muscle weakness.

9- Sometimes delirium.

When the fever is the main symptom of the disease, it becomes part of the disease, as is the case in the case of scarlet fever or yellow fever.

Not every rise in temperature is a fever. Exercising in a hot weather, for example, or sitting in a steamy bath may cause an increase in body temperature above the normal level.

In this case, the brain instructs the body to lower its temperature by secreting sweat and increasing blood flow in the skin.

Hypothalamus(1) and fever

The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating and maintaining body temperature at a constant rate. It contains special thermal receptors that are extremely sensitive to changes in the temperature of the blood passing through it, as they are affected by a very small change of up to one percent of one temperature (0.01) C. The center of thermoregulation in the hypothalamus is what is known as the thermostat, a very sensitive and very precise organ that works to keep the body temperature constant around its normal level. .

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It has been observed that there is a center to stimulate heat loss from the body located in the anterior region of the hypothalamus, and another center to stimulate heat generation from the body and prevent its leakage from the outside is located in the posterior region of the hypothalamus.

This center works with another center located in the hypothalamus, which is also responsible for regulating the phenomena of thirst and hydration by working to regulate the amount of fluid consumed by the individual.

Fever benefits

On the other hand, fever is not necessarily harmful, but rather has several benefits. It has been proven that when a patient has a fever, the proportion of interferon increases in the body. This substance, which is secreted by white blood cells, works to eliminate viruses that have attacked the body, and it is more capable of forming protective antibodies.

There are some diseases in which fever is much more beneficial than drinking medicine, as is the case in the case of rheumatoid arthritis in which treatment with artificial fever is used.

And when fever was mentioned to the Messenger of God and a man cursed it, the Prophet said to him, "Do not curse it, for it expels sins as fire removes the impurity of iron"(1).

Fever and food

In addition to the medicines used to treat fever, there are many foods that lower the body temperature, in addition to the necessary fluids that must be taken to compensate for the fluids lost by the person during his fever. 9

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Among the foods that are preferred to be eaten by a feverish person, we mention light plant foods, cooked fruits, and soups of all kinds, such as fruit and vegetable soup.

In this regard, Imam Ali recommended eating food to relieve fever, as he said: "Raisins strengthens the heart, takes away illness, quenches heat, and sweetens the breath"(1)

And: "Grapes eliminate with fever"(2). 2

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Infertility has many causes, including the following:

1- The inability of the testes to produce male gametes (sperms) for various reasons that may be synthetic related to the composition of the testicular tissue in particular or related to the composition of the male reproductive system and glands attached to it in general. This condition is known as Azospermia. Or it may be hormonal due to a deficiency or increase in the hormones responsible for the emergence of male sperm, such as the pituitary hormones responsible for completing this process, such as the pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone known as (FSH) and the yellowish or luteinizing hormone, which is symbolized by (LH), as well as testicular hormones such as testicular fat (testosterone) and inhibin.

2- A blockage in the seminal cords, which prevents the sperm from coming out with the semen when the seminal ejaculation occurs outside the body.

3- The testicles do not descend into the scrotum.

4- Less volume of semen in one ejaculate than the normal limits, which is (2-5) ml per ejaculation.

5- The inability of the testes to produce a sufficient number of sperms, which is less than 20 million sperms per milliliter of seminal ejaculation, and this condition is known as oligospermia.

6- The inefficiency of the sperm itself in terms of movement; As less than 50% of them are ineffective under normal conditions, and this is what is medically known as asthenozoospermia.

7- Or the sperms are deformed, by more than 70%, and this condition is known as teratospermia.

As for the causes of female infertility, we mention the following:

1- The inability of the ovary to produce ovules in a normal way, either due to a defect in the composition of the ovaries. or a defect in the hormonal levels responsible for the formation of the ovules and its exit from the ovary.

2- Blockage of what is known as the fallopian tube, which hinders the meeting of the ovules with the male sperms.

3- Irregular menstruation in women.

4- Congenital malformations of the uterus.

5- Lack of knowledge of the principles of general sexual education, such as the date of ovulation and the dates of intercourse that can achieve fertilization and pregnancy.

Pregnancy, childbearing, childbirth, breastfeeding, motherhood and others are inseparable qualities that reinforce one another in order to achieve the goals that marriage seeks to achieve, which is to build a family that will be a nucleus for building societies.

Imam Ali's description of most of these qualities is achieved in his eloquent saying: "Or look at man whom Allah has created in the dark wombs and layers of curtains from what was overflowing semen, then shapeless clot, then embryo, then suckling infant, then child and then fully grown-up young man" (1)

they are subject to religious and social regulations and norms that regulate its course.

results in weak children; Which means that such marriage will lead to a weak offspring. An Arabic poet said in this regard: "A good boy is he who was not given birth by a close relative, so he isn't weak, and marrying relatives may result in sick offspring".

Another poet said: "And I didn't marry my cousin despite she is close, because I feared my children will be weak".

The Holy Prophet Muhammad urged his nation to get married by saying: "Marry, for I will proud of your number among the nations"(1)

The Prophet also recommended eating meat and eggs to improve the sexual drive by saying: "Meat and eggs increase the libido"(2)

The insistence on it leads to fatigue and exhaustion. As for waking up from it, it may generate regret among some for what they were before the situation, of behavior that may be weird.

A lawful intercourse, i.e. that takes place in a legal manner; is only between the spouses, and it will lead to childbearing in the usual cases. The result of that intercourse is the legitimate offspring (halal), and the halal child is the one who achieves the phenomenon of fatherhood and motherhood in societies, and it is he who contributes to the completion of the family.

Despite the benefits resulting from the sexual intercourse which are embodied in fulfilling the sexual desire between the two partners in a psychological atmosphere that calms the human troubles and his life resulting from his daily work which is spending a good time and obtaining pleasure and enjoyment, we say despite that, a lot of it leads to physical weakness and weak eyesight. So it should be in moderation. The imam said: "Whoever wants to live long, although nobody will stay, he should reduce his clothes, eat breakfast early, and should have less sex with women"(1)

Among the other purposes of the sexual intercourse are the preservation of human offspring, the permanence of the human species, and the expulsion of the seminal fluid the occlusion and congestion of which are harmful to the body as a whole. Doctors believe that sexual intercourse is an activity with genuine health benefits(2)9

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uterus. It is worth noting that the ovule remains alive for 24-48 hours.

3 - Luteal phase: the luteal phase, in which estrogen and a large amount of progesterone are secreted, which help to increase the density of the inner lining of the uterus to receive the fertilized ovule. At the end of this phase, pregnancy occurs in the event of fertilization, and the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is prevented in order to prevent the maturation of new follicles. When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to atrophy, the lining of the uterus peels off, and the bleeding comes out of the capillaries forming menstruation (again).

We noticed from this that the mechanisms of the menstrual period are mainly subject to the control of hormones, especially the pituitary hormones known as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovarian hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Menstruation is harmful to women, as the blood vessels of the uterus open and become ready to accept infection.

In menstruation, it is harmful for a man who has intercourse with a menstruating woman, as he is exposed to infection from menstrual blood if it contains germs. And that the transfer of part of the menstrual blood to the urinary canal of the male causes inflammation in it, which may in turn move to the prostate, bladder, ureters and kidneys.

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swearing that this boy is a liar and unjust who wants to expose her in her clan, and that she is still a virgin and no one has ever married her. So, Omar ordered that the boy to be punished, but the boy saw Ali and said: O Commander of the Faithful, judge between me and my mother. He sat in the position of the Prophet and said:

Do you have a guardian? She said: Yes, these four are my brothers. He said: Will you accept my judgment on you and your sister? They said: Yes.

He said: I make Allah and everyone present here that I coupled in marriage this woman and this boy for four hundred dirhams, and I will pay from my money. O Qunbar, bring me the money! So, he brought it to him, and the Imam said then: Take it and give it to your wife and take her home. So, the woman yelled: Save me, O cousin of Allah's messenger! This, by God, is my son, and my brothers made me marry a lowly man, and I gave birth to this boy, and when he reached puberty and grew up, they disowned, and they ordered me to abstain from him and I was afraid of them. Then, she took the boy's hand and went with him(1).

There are many other stories about sentences which the Imam issued. We mention the implications of the most important ones:

1- Differentiating between a female's mother's milk and a male's mother's milk to decide the child's mother based on his gender.

2- A woman who committed fornication while pregnant.

3- The overruling of the punishment of the insane woman who committed adultery with a man.

4- The case of a woman who had an intercourse with her husband then she had sex with a virgin slave girl. 4

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the weak hydrogen bonds and keeping the covalent bonds intact because they are strong and more heat-tolerant, and then the contents of the eggs that are exposed to heat will become more solid and relatively frozen.

The second case

Imam al-Kazim said: “A man brough a woman to the Commander of the Faithful and said: O Commander of the Faithful, I married my wife as a virgin, but at my wedding night, I found her not a virgin. He said: Woe be to you! Virginity can go away from a jump, bouncing, menstruation, ablution, and being single for so long"(1).

2- Riding horses sometimes.

3- Directing a strong water flow to the area.

4- The hymen increases in hardness and decreases in flexibility with age. If a girl exceeds the age of thirty while she is a virgin, her hymen increases in hardness and durability, and thus staying single might lead to the atrophy of the hymen and not getting ruptured (when getting married).

Third case

There is a famous historical story about a girl who was brought to Imam Ali by her father and her brothers, and her father said: O my master, this girl is my daughter and she dishonored me before my tribe, as she is pregnant and young, so reveal this grief.

The imam said: What do you say, girl? She said: My master, as for his saying that I am virgin, it is true, and as for his saying that I am pregnant, then I swear by you, my master, that I have never committed adultery.

So he went up on the pulpit and said: "Bring me the midwife of Kufa". A woman called "Labnaa" came and she was the midwife of the women of Kufa, and he said to her: Stretch a veil between you and the people and look at this slave girl whether she is pregnant and virgin or not. So she did as he told her, then she went out and said: Yes, my Master, she is a pregnant virgin woman. The Imam said to her: "O midwife, take this piece of ice and take the girl out of the mosque and leave a bowl under her and put this piece of what is next to the vulva, and you will see a leech weighing seven hundred and fifty dirhams." So she did that, and she brought the girl and the leech back to him and everything was as he said. Then he said to the girl's father: Take your daughter,

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for, by God, she did not commit fornication, but she swam in some water, and this leech entered inside her vulva and grew there.

It is not surprising that such rare situations occur, but the smartness of the Imam, his acumen and his ability of correct induction led him to reach this conclusion.

In addition to the growth and enlargement of the leech inside the vulva, such cases can lead to a blockage in the hymen outlet, which leads to the accumulation of blood and other menstrual materials in the womb of the girl when she reaches the age of menstruation, which causes flatulence and the appearance that she is pregnant, but this is not the truth.

1- Cases of harm to others: The forensic physician is the one who decides the severity of the injury, the presence of the disability, and the degree of disability resulting from the harm.

2- Detection of poisoning cases.

3- Detecting cases of rape, pregnancy, abortion and other sexual crimes.

4- Examination of the dead bodies to determine the cause of death and the time of its occurrence.

5- Proving and denying paternity.

6- Identification of unidentified individuals and corpses or their remains.

body. For example, we mention physiological psychology, neuropsychology, and endocrine psychology, all of which fall under what is known as psychophysical sciences.

Returning to anxiety and depression, we say that they are terms used to describe a mixture of pathological or non-pathological conditions in humans, which are dominated by the feeling of sadness. Anxiety and depression are a condition, or rather, conditions that have haunted man since time immemorial and still continue to this day.

Depression cases are prevalent in society in general, at a rate ranging between 13 and 20% of the population. And it affects all ages, but it is more visible in the third and fourth decade of life, and it is more prevalent among women, at a rate of three times what is in men.

Some assert that depression is caused by a decrease in the level of serotonin or catecholamine, and it is worth noting that serotonin plays an important role in stabilizing mood, and it is associated with depression, suicide, pulse regulation, and agitation. Serotonin is a well-known neurotransmitter produced by the amino acid tryptophan.

It has been observed that dopamine decreases in some cases of major depression and rises in some patients with mania. Worries may be in the form of anxiety or depression that affects a person, and they generate a state of self-dissatisfaction, which leads to the occurrence of what is known as neurotic anxiety, which is one of the symptoms of various psychotic and neurotic diseases(1).

Symptoms of neurotic anxiety arise from an increase in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (involuntary) sympathetic and parasympathetic, and then an increase in the level of the hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline and some adrenal steroid hormones in both blood and urine.

Because of the critical role of cortisol in response to stress or crisis, it is not surprising that it plays an important role in the human mood and behavior.

Many other studies have also confirmed the increase in symptoms of depression when changes in hormonal levels occur, according to the different age stages that an individual goes through, such as the period of puberty, for example, or the period before or during menstruation, or during the menopause period. Decreased noradrenaline has also been observed in patients with major depressive disorders.

These studies led to the discovery of different drugs that act on this level, which is to increase the amount of neurohormones to get rid of depression. In light of this, an important theory was developed by the scholar Seqtour in 1963, according to which some drugs. such as Iproniazid, for example, work to inhibit the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of monoamine compounds, thus raising the level of the mentioned neurohormones in the brain and eliminating symptoms of depression. There are very many drugs used in this field and they are used according to the severity of depression, so they are classified into mild, moderate and severe drugs. This does not mean that all cases of depression respond to such drugs, as it has been noted that some of them are not affected.

In addition to drug treatment, Professor Prang stresses that the use of the hypothalamic hormone responsible for releasing the pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (TRH) leads to the treatment of depression quickly, and perhaps this is a strong link between what was said a little while ago about that the myxedema is accompanied by depressive symptoms that may be caused by the lack of thyroxine in the body, and that this deficiency occurs, of course, due to the low amount of the pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn

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decreases when the amount of the hypothalamic hormone (TRH) responsible for releasing the mentioned hormone decreases, and therefore treatment for such cases is beneficial, according to Prang, when taking the mentioned hormone (TRH).

the link between stress and the syndrome is through the nervous influence of that intensity and affecting the hypothalamus to secrete its chemical factor known as (ACTRF), which goes to the pituitary gland through the pituitary portal system to affect the cells of the anterior lobe of the aforementioned gland to release its adrenal cortex stimulating hormone (ACTH), which heads towards the adrenal cortex, urging it to secrete its hormones responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates, and this works to show the symptoms leading to the formation of the aforementioned response.

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14- "Al-Ja'fariat", Al-Kufi, Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al- Ash'ath.

15- "Jewels of speech in explaining the laws of Islam", Al-Najafi, Muhammad Hassan - annotated by Hamed Al-Khaffaf. House of the Arab historian, Beirut, (1992).

16- "Al-Khisal", Al-Saduq, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali. Al- Haidari Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, (1971).

17- "The pillars of Islam, the remembrance of what is permissible and what is forbidden, and the cases and rulings", Al-Nu'man Al- Maghrebi, annotated by Asif bin Ali bin Asghar Faydi, Al-Ma'arif printing House.

18- "Al-Da'wat", Al-Rawandi, Abu Al-Hussein Saeed bin Abdullah. Qom, 1st Edition (1404 AH).

19- "The Diwan of Imam Ali", compiled and commented by Ahmed Shteiwi, Al-Ghad Al-Jadid puplishing house, Cairo, first edition (2008).

20- "Thakhirat al-Ma'ad fi Sharh al-Irshad" by al-Sabzwari, Muhammad Baqir bin Muhammad Mu'min. Al al-Bayt Foundation for Heritage Revival.

21- "The clear symbol in the medicine of the guardian, the Commander of the Faithful, Ali", Al-Isfahani, Mahmoud bin Al- Sayyid Mahdi Al-Mousawi Al-Dahsarkhi. Amir Press, Qom, first edition (1414 Hijri).

22- "The Symbol of Health in the Medicine of the Prophet and the Imams", Al-Desarkhi, Mahmoud Al-Mousawi. Dar Al-Hadi for printing and publishing. Beirut, first edition (2003)

23- "Al-Sabr al-Adabi", Ali, Asaad. World Federation of the Arabic Language, Paris, (1986).

24- "Safinat al-Bahhar fi Madinat al-Hikam wa al-Athar". Al- Qummi, Abbas bin Muhammad Reda. Scientific Press, Najaf Al- Ashraf, (1355 Hijri).

25- "Sunan Al-Daraqutni", Al-Daraqutni, Ali Bin Omar Abu Al- Hassan, Edited by Shuaib Al-Arnaout, Hassan Abdel-Moneim

P: 251

Shalabi, Abdel-Latif Herzallah, and Ahmed Barhoum, Al-Resala Foundation, Beirut, (2004).

26- "Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah" by Ibn Abu al-Hadid, annotated by Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim. The Lebanese Publishing House, Beirut, first edition (2009).

27- "Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah", Muhammad Abduh. Dar Al- Mutaqin, Beirut, first edition, (2011).

28- Sobh Al-Asha fi Sina'it al-Ensha", Al-Qalqashandi, Ahmed bin Ali. House of thought.

29- "Sahih Muslim" Al-Nisaburi, Abu Al-Hassan Muslim bin Al- Hajjaj Al-Qushayri, annotated by Muhammad Fouad Abdel-Baqi. Dar Al-Hadith, Cairo, first edition (1412 Hijri).

30- "Medicine of the Imams" by Ibn Bastam, Abdullah bin Salbour Al-Zayat and Al-Hussein. Al-Haidari Library Publications and Printing Press, Najaf, (1965).

31- "Medicine of the Imams", Shuber, Abdullah. Dar Al-I'tisam for Printing and Publishing, Qom, sixth edition (1429 H).

32- "The Medicine of Imam Al-Sadiq", Al-Khalili, Muhammad Al-Haidari Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, fifth edition (1970).

33- "Medicine of Imam Ali", collected, explained and commented by Aqil, Mohsen. Dar Al-Mahaja Al-Bayda for printing, publishing and distribution, Beirut, eighth edition (2010).

34- "Modern medicine reveals the relationship of prayer in childhood and lower back pain", Al-Shaarani, Muhammad Walid. The website of the International Commission for Scientific Signs in the Qur'an and Sunnah is www.eajaz.org.com.

35- "Arab Medicine", Edward J. Brown, translated by Ahmed Shawky Hassan. The Thousand Books Series, Issue (630), Arab Register Press, Cairo - (1966).

36- "Prophetic Medicine" by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al- Din Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Ayyub al-Zar'i al-Dimashqi.

Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, Beirut, first edition (1990).

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37- "Medicine of the Prophet", Al-Mustaghfari, Abu Al-Abbas Jaafar. Ahl al-Bayt Foundation. Beirut, (1986).

38- "Medicine and Doctors in Various Islamic Ages", Diab, Mahmoud. The Anglo-Egyptian Library, Cairo, (1970).

39- "Your food determines your strength", Nofal, Mustafa Abdel Razzaq. Iqraa series number (558). House of Knowledge in Egypt, (1991).

40- "The Genius of Imam Ali", Al-Akkad, Abbas Mahmoud. Modern Library, Sidon, Lebanon.

41- "The Genius of Sharif Al-Radi", Mubarak, Zaki. Hegazy Press, Cairo.

42- "The Arabs and Medicine," Al-Shatti, Ahmed Shawkat. Publications of the Syrian Ministry of Culture, Damascus, (1970).

43- "Endocrine Psychology", Sultani, Yahya. Dar Al-Diaa for Printing, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, second edition (2010).

44- "Oyoun Al-Hikam wa Al-Maaw'ez", Al-Wasiti, Abu Al- Hassan Ali Bin Muhammad Al-Laithi - Investigated by Hussein Al-Hasani. House of Hadith, Qom.

45- "Ghurar Al-Hikam and Durar Al-Kalim", Al-Amidi, Nasih Al- Din Abu Al-Fath. Al-Alamy Foundation, Beirut, (undated).

46- "The Great Sedition - Ali and his sons", Taha Hussein. House of Knowledge in Egypt, Cairo.

47- "Paradise of News", Al-Dailami, Sherwayh. Dar Al-Fikr, (1997).

48- "Qurb al-Isnad", al-Humairi, al-Qummi. Al al-Bayt Foundation for Heritage Revival. Qom, (1413 AH).

49- "The Judgment of the Commander of the Faithful", Al-Tustari, Muhammad Taqi. Al-Alamy Foundation for Publications, Beirut, eleventh edition (1992).

50- "Al Kafi", Al Kulayni, Muhammad bin Yaqoub bin Ishaq. Dar Al-Adwaa, Beirut, seventh edition (1985).

51- "Kashf al-Akhtar", Al-Husseini, Muhammad.Al-Husseini, Shams Al-Din Bin

P: 253

52- "Kashf al-Ghumma fi Ma'rifat al-Aymma", Al-Arbli, Abu Al- Hassan Ali bin Isa bin Abi Al-Fath. Dar al-Adwaa, second edition (1985).

53- "Kanz al-Ummal fi Sunan al-Aqwal wa al-Af'al" by Ali Al- Muttaki Alaa Al-Din. The Ottoman Encyclopedia Press, Hyderabad, India, 2nd Edition (1960).

54- "What is Nahj al-Balaghah?", al-Shahristani, Hebat al-Din al- Husayni - annotated by Abd al-Sattar al-Hasani. Publications of the Holy Alawite Shrine / Department of Intellectual and Cultural Affairs, Najaf Al-Ashraf (2010).

55- "Prophetic metaphors", Sharif Radi. Basirati Library Publications, Qom, Iran.

56- "Al-Mahasin", Al-Burqi, Abu Jaafar Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Khalid. Islamic Book House, Beirut.

57- "Mukhtar Al-Sahah", Al-Razi, Muhammad bin Abi Bakr bin Abdul Qadir. Arab Book House, Beirut (1981).

58- "The Mustadrak of Safinat Al-Bahar", Al Shahroudi, Ali Al Namazi.

59- "Mustadrak Al-Wasail", Al-Nouri, Mirza Hussain. Aal al-Bayt Foundation for Heritage Revival, Qom, first edition (1407 AH)

60- "Ma'ani al-Akhbar" Al-Saduq, Ibn Babawayh. Haidari Press, Najaf, (1391 H).

61- “Makarim al-Akhlaq" by al-Tabarsi, Radhi al-Din Abi Nasir al-Hasan ibn Fadl. Dar Al-Andalus, Beirut.

62- "One of the Signs of Scientific Signs- The Creation of Man in the Noble Qur'an", Al-Najjar, Zaghloul Ragheb Muhammad. House of Knowledge, Beirut, second edition (2008).

63- "Manaqib Aal Abu Talib" by Ibn Shahr Ashub. Al-Haidari Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, (1376 AH).

64- "Nahj al-Balaghah A selection from the words of the Commander of the Faithful" annotated by Hashem al-Milani. Holy Alawi Shrine, Najaf Al-Ashraf (2010).

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65- "Hidayat al-Elm fir Tanzim Ghurar al-Hikam", Sheikh Al- Islami, Hussein. Ansarian foundation for Printing and Publishing, Qom, second edition (2007).

66- "Al-Wasa'il", Al-Amili, Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Hurr. Al-Alamy Foundation for Publications, Beirut.

Since we are talking about medical and public health issues and their relationship to "Nahj al-Balaghah", we thought it is useful to refer to the books that were issued about Imam Ali's medicine. This is a bibliographic study that will undoubtedly benefit the dear reader in forming a clear picture of this subject.

1- "Methods of Medicine in Nahj Al-Balaghah”, Adawiya Abdul- Jabbar Karim. Iraqi Books and Documents House. Baghdad, (2000). Folio paper size, 167 pages.

2- "Imam Ali and Modern Medicine" by Ali Khader Alaa Al-Din. A book of Folio paper size, published by Dar al-Muhibeen, Qom, Iran, Amiran Press, (1427 AH - 2006 AD).

3- "Medication with Imam Ali's Medicine", Abu Abd al-Rahman Adel bin Saad. Golden House for printing, publishing and distribution. Cairo, first edition (2006). It was issued in a thick cover, a Folio paper size, consisting of 344 pages.

4- "The Collection of Imam Ali and Imam Al-Sadiq Medicine", Sheikh Hussein Najib Al-Amili. Dar al-Din al-Qayyim. Beirut, first edition (2010). It was issued with a thick cover, with (377) pages, and it has Folio paper size.

5- "The clear symbol in the medicine of the guardian, the Commander of the Faithful, Ali", Mahmoud bin Al-Sayyid Mahdi Al-Moussawi Al-Desarkhi Al-Isfahani. Dar Amir, the first edition (1414 AH) of Folio paper size, issued in (144) pages.

6- "The symbol of health in the medicine of the Prophet and the Imams", Mahmoud Al-Mousawi Al-Dahsarkhi Al-Isfahani. Dar Al-Hadi for printing, publishing and distribution, Beirut, first edition (2003). Small paper size, issued in (288) pages. It included a review of many topics related to Imam Ali's medicine.

7- "Imam Ali medicine, physical medicine - psychiatry - spiritual medicine gynecology", Ibrahim Sorour. Dar Al-Mutaqin for

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Culture, Science, Printing and Publishing, Beirut, first edition (2012). Issued in (607) pages of Folio paper size and thick cover.

8- "Medicine of Imam Ali", Okasha Abdel-Mannan. Isra House. Amman - Jordan, first edition, (2003). It was issued in (96) pages, and it has Folio paper size.

9- "Medicine of Imam Ali", Mohsen Aqil. Dar Al-Mahaja Al- Bayda, Beirut. Several editions have been issued, the last of which was the eighth edition (2010), which was issued with a thick cover. The book has Folio paper size, and it consists of (497) pages.

10- "The Judgment of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib", Muhammad Taqi al-Tistari. It was issued by the Al-Alamy Foundation for Publications, Beirut, in the year (1992), and it has Folio paper size. It includes many topics related to forensic medicine in particular.

11- "The Encyclopedia of Imam Ali Medicine": Basem Al-Ansari. Al-Fajr Publications for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, first edition, (2010). Issued in waziri pieces and with a thick cover, it consists of (620) pages.

12- "Nahj al-Balaghah and Modern Medicine", Sadiq Abd al- Ridha Ali. Arab Historian House, Beirut, first edition, (2003). Issued in Folio paper size, with a thick cover, and has (418) pages.

Other books by the author:

■ (published):

1- "Endocrine Psychology", Al-Numan Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, 1977. (first edition); Dar Al-Diaa for Printing, Najaf Al-Ashraf, 2010, (2nd ed.).

2- "The World of Hormones", the Iraqi Ministry of Culture and Information - Small Encyclopedia Series, No. 128, Dar Al-Hurriy a for Printing, Baghdad, 1983.

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3- "Basics of Medical Cytogenetics", in partnership with Dr. Aqil Abd Yassin - Dar Al Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan, 1999.

4- "Kufa Doctors A Study in Ancient Medical History", the University of Kufa helped in publishing it, Najaf, 2005 (first edition); Al-Diyaa Press, Najaf, 2005, (2nd ed.).

5- "Prostaglandins", Al-Nibras Press - Najaf Al-Ashraf, 2005.

6- "The Thyroid Gland Between Health and Disease", Al-Diaa Press, Najaf, 2005.

7- "Dictionary of Endocrinology and Reproductive Endocrinology, English-Arabic" Al-Diaa Press, Najaf, 2005

8 - "The Microscope and Microscopy", Danish Press, Qom, Iran, 2009.

9- "The Liver - Its Functions and Diseases", in association with Dr. Sabah Ahmad Abu Saiba and Dr. Tariq Hefzy Al-Khayat, Danish Press, Qom, Iran, 2009.

10- "Practical Biology", Dar Al-Diaa for Printing, Najaf Al- Ashraf, 2010.

■ Published:

1- "The school laboratory - its importance, organization, and use".

2- "Laboratory materials - solutions, dyes".

3- “Educational Aids - Pictorials, Stereograms, and Samples".

4- "Display devices".

5- "Microscope and Microscopy".

6- "Laboratory equipment".

7- "Collecting and preserving living organisms."

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8- "Technique of collecting and preserving insects".

9- "Anatomy of Living Organisms".

11- "Summary of the History of Medicine", Kufa University Press, Najaf Al-Ashraf, (2012).

■ Unpublished:

1- "Endocrine glands and hormones" - two volumes.

2- "The flags of medicine and biology" - nine volumes.

3- Index of Iraqi publications in medical sciences in the twentieth century (1900-2000) - a bibliographic study.

4- Index of Iraqi Publications in biological Sciences in the Twentieth Century (1900-2000) - Bibliographical study.

5- Index of Iraqi publications in agricultural sciences in the twentieth century (1900-2000) - Bibliographical study.

6- Medicine and biology in postage stamps.

7. Human cloning.

8- Freezing biology.

9- Cybernetics of endocrine glands.

10 Male sterility.

11- The human body - translation from English (in association).

12 - Chemistry of the living body - translation from the English (in association).

13- The wonders of the sugar islands - a scientific story.

14- Diwan of poetry.

***

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Table of Contents

The Center's Introduction...3

Introduction...6

Introduction of Author ...7

-1-...11

A Short Biography about Imam Ali ..11

A preface ...12

His Birth and life ...12

His wives and sons...13

Some of his characters ...13

His Martyrdom...14

What people said about Imam Ali...14

-2-...17

What is Nahj Al-Balaghah? ...17

Nahj Al-Balaghah book...18

Al-Sharif al-Radi...21

His birth and lineage...21

The teachers of al-Sharif al-Radi. ....21

His students....22

His books....22

-3-...29

The fields of knowledge of Nahj al-Balaghah ...29

(The course of life) ...29

The fields of knowledge of Nahj al-Balaghah...30

(The course of life) ...30

The concept of science ...30

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The sciences of Nahj al-Balaghah ...34

-4- ...39

Medical Sciences in ...39

Nahj al-Balaghah ...39

Medical Sciences in Nahj al-Balaghah ...40

The history of medicine ...40

Islam and medicine ...41

The Prophetic Medicine ...41

Medicine and Nahj al-Balaghah book...44

Medical sciences in Nahj al-Balaghah ...46

The characteristics of medical topics in Nahj al-Balaghah ...46

The alternative medicine (An important note) ...47

-5-...49

The Relationship between the Doctor and the Patient ...49

The Teachings of the Imam for physicians ...50

The Characteristics of the skillful physician ...52

The Hippocratic Oath...53

The teachings of the Imam for the patient...54

The manners of visiting the patient ...55

-6-...57

About the Public health....57

Public health and Sickness...58

• The effective factors in the public health...60

-7-...67

The physiology of the digestive system...67

• The digestive system ....68

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•The mouth...69

•Stomach....69

•Pomegranates ...72

Apples...73

Quince...75

Fig 76

-8-...79

The circulatory system ...79

The heart...80

•Pears...82

Quince...83

Honey ...83

Lentils...86

-9-...89

Nervous System....89

Brain...90

Pumpkin...93

Honey ....95

-10-...97

Food and Nutrition...97

Food and Nutrition ...98

Food...98

Antioxidants...103

Nutrition ...104

•Grapes ....105

•Raisins..... 107

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•Watermelon...109

•Lettuce...111

•Garlic...112

•Leeks....114

•Radish....116

•Chicory... 117

•The seed of Fennel flower ...119

•The Eggs...121

•Milk ...123

•Dates...126

•Vinegar: ...128

•Salt...130

-11-....131

Medicine...131

Pharmacology ...132

Drugs (Medicines) ...132

The relationship between medicine and food ...135

General instruction for the use of drugs ...136

Side effects of drugs ...137

General complications ...138

Special complications....138

Diet instead of medication ...139

Resting...140

-12-....141

Immunity...141

Immunity ...142

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General Preface...142

Immunity...142

Immunology...142

The immune system ...143

Types of immunity ...144

-13-...147

Embryology in...147

Nahj al-Balaghah...147

A General preface...148

Embryology...150

Embryonic development...150

Embryonic development stages...151

Sperm...152

Fertilization...153

Fetal Sex....154

Genetic traits of the fetus...155

The leech (a clot of congealed blood) ...156

The lump...157

-14-....163

Senility...163

A general preface: ...164

Senility: old age ...164

Gerontology...165

Causes of aging ...166

Menopause of women ...171

-15-...173

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Senses ...173

First: The sense of sight and its organ the eye....174

Eye composition ...174

Sight mechanism ...175

Tongue composition.... 176

Tongue functions ...177

Second: Speech and taste, and their organ is the tongue...177

Third: The sense of hearing and its organ of the ear ...178

Ear composition ....178

Hearing mechanism ...179

The ear and the mechanism of maintaining the balance of the body...180

Fourth: Breath and smell, and their part is the nose....181

The nose composition...181

The nose and the sense of smell ...182

-16-....183

Prayer...183

Foreword...184

Prayer...184

Ablution...185

The general benefits of prayer....186

Health benefits of prayer.....187

Prayer times and hormonal levels ...189

Hormones... 190

Praying at an early age....193

...194

-17-...195

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Fasting.....195

Fasting ....196

Fasting benefits.....199

Contraindications of fasting...200

-18-....203

Breast-feeding...203

Breast feeding....204

Breast milk contents: ...204

Breast milk specialty...205

Breastfeeding from the mother's breast...206

Breastfeeding Benefits...207

Breastfeeding from other than the mother ...208

-19-....209

Public health Issues ...209

Public health Issues.... 210

· The Miswak...110

Cupping...213

Diet..216

Fever...218

-20-....223

Reproduction and Infertility ...223

Foreword...224

Causes of male infertility ...224

Causes of female infertility...225

Procreation...226

Marriage ....227

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Marriage benefits...228

Intercourse...229

Menstruation...231

-21-...233

Forensic Medicine...233

Forensic Medicine ...234

Imam Ali as a judge...234

Imam Ali as a forensic physician ...236

Virginity and the hymen...237

Forensic medicine...239

Fields of application of forensic medicine ...239

Forensic physician characteristics....240

-22-...241

Psychiatry ...241

Anxiety and depression ...242

Psychiatry and the concept of anxiety ....242

Anxiety and the nervous system ....243

Anxiety and hormones ...244

Dealing with anxiety ...246

Sources and References ...249

A - Arabic sources:...250

B-English sources: ...255

Books published about...256

Imam Ali's Medicine (Bibliography) ...256

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239/3

C 862

Medicine and Public health in Nahj Al-Balaghah

Author: Dr. Yahya Kadhim Al-Sultani (Emeritus Professor)

Translators:

Prof. Dr. Yahya Kadhim Al-Sultani

Prof. Dr. Ali Abdulzahra Al-fahham

Advisors and Publisher:

Imam Amir al-Mu'minin, (peace be upon him), Center for Specialized Studies and Research

24 cm - 270 Pages

Consigning Number 235/2023 A.D.

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