بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

In the name of Allah, The All-beneficent, The All-Merciful

قال اللهُ تعالی:

إِنّما یُرِیدُ اللّهُ لِیُذْهِب عنْکُمُ الرِّجْس أهْل الْبیْتِ ویُطهِّرکُمْ تطْهِیرًا

Indeed, Allah desires to repel all impurity from you, O People of the Household, and purify you with a thorough purification. (Sūrah al-Aḥzāb 33:33)

The most authoritative books on Hadīth and Tafsīr (Quranic exegesis), amongst both Sunni and Shi'ah sources, cite Prophetic traditions that confirm verse 33:33 as being exclusively revealed in relation to the five who were ‘covered by the Cloak’; namely Muhammad, ‘Alī, Fātīmah, al- Hasan, and al- Husayn, (peace be upon them), to whom the term ‘Ahl al-Bayt’ (People of the House) is specifically attributed.

For instance, refer to the following reference books:

(1) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241 AH), al-Musnad, 1:331; 4:107; 6:292, 304. (2) Ṣahīh Muslim (d. 261 AH), 7:130. (3) Al-Tirmidhī (d. 279 AH), Sunan, 5:361 et al. (4) Al-Dūlābī (d. 310 AH), al-Dhurriyyah al-Tahirah al-Nabawiyyah, pp. 108. (5) Al-Nassa’i (d. 303 AH), al-Sunan al-Kubra, 5:p108, 113. (6) al-Hakīm al-Nayshābūrī (d. 405 AH), al-Mustadrak ‘alā aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥayn, 2:416, 3:133, 146, 147. (7) al-Zarkāshī (d. 794 AH), al-Burhān, pp. 197. (8) Ibn Hājar al-Asqalānī (d. 852), Fatḥ al-Barī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 7:104. (9) Al-Kulaynī (d. 328 AH), Uṣūl al-Kāfī, 1:287. (10) Ibn Bābawayh (d. 329 AH), al-Imāmah wa’l-Tabṣirah, pp. 47, H. 29. (11) Al-Maghribī (d. 363 AH), Da’ā’im al-Islām, pp. 35, 37. (12) Aṣ-Ṣadūq (d. 381 AH), al-Khiṣāl, pp. 403, 550. (13) Aṭ-Ṭūsī (d. 460 AH), al-‘Amālī, H. 438, 482, 783.

For more details, refer to the exegesis of the holy verse involved in the following reference books of tafsīr: (1) Aṭ-Ṭabarī (d. 310 AH), Book of Tafsīr. (2) Al-Jassāss (d. 370 AH), Aḥkām al-Qur’an. (3) Al-Waḥīdī (d. 468 AH), Asbāb al-Nuzūl. (4) Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH), Zād al-Maṣīr. (5) Al-Qurṭubī (d. 671 AH), al-Jāmi‘li-Aḥkām al-Qur’an. (6) Ibn Kathīr (d. 774 AH), Book of Tafsīr. (7) Al-Tha’ālibī (d. 825 AH), Book of Tafsīr. (8) Al-Suyūtī (d. 911 AH), al-Durr al-Manthūr. (9) Al-Shawkanī (d. 1250 AH), Fath al-Qadeer. (10) Al-Ayyashi (d. 320 AH), Book of Tafsīr. (11) Al-Qummī (d. 329 AH), Book of Tafsīr. (12) Furt al-Kūfī (d. 352 AH), Book of Tafsīr; in the margin of the exegesis of verse 4:59. (13) Al-Tabrīzī (d. 560 AH), Majma’ al-Bayān, as well as many other reference books of Hadīth and Tafsīr.

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Supplication

In the Eyes of the Ahl al-Bayt ('a)

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قال رسول الله (صلی الله علیه و آله):

إنِّی تارک فیکم الثّقلین،

کتاب الله و عترتی بیتی اهل

ما ان تمسّکتم بهما لن تضلّوا ابدا

“.الحوض علیّ یردا حتّی یفترقا لن وانّهما

The Messenger of Allah (ṣ) said:

“Verily, I am leaving among you two precious things [thaqalayn]:

The Book of Allah and

my progeny [‘itratī], the members of my Household [Ahl al-Bayt].

If you hold fast to them, you shall never go astray.

These two will never separate from each other

until they meet me at the Pond [ḥawḍ] (of Kawthar).”

Some references:

Al­Ḥākim an­Nayshābūrī, Al­Mustadrak ‘alā’ṣ-Ṣaḥīḥayn (Beirut), vol. 3, pp. 109-110, 148, 533

Muslim, Aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, (English translation), book 31, hadīths 5920-3

At­Tirmidhī, Aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, vol. 5, pp. 621-2, hadīths 3786, 3788; vol. 2, p. 219

An-Nasā’ī, Khaṣā’iṣ ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, hadīth 79

Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Al-Musnad, vol. 3, pp. 14, 17, 26; vol. 3, pp. 26, 59; vol. 4, p. 371; vol. 5, pp. 181-182, 189-190

Ibn al­‘Athīr, Jāmi‘ al­Uṣūl, vol. 1, p. 277

Ibn Kathīr, Al­Bidāyah wa’n­Nihāyah, vol. 5, p. 209

Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm , vol. 6, p. 199

Naṣīr ad-Dīn al-Albanī, Silsilāt al-Aḥādīth aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥah (Kuwait: Ad-Dār aṣ-Ṣalāfiyyah), vol. 4, pp. 355-358

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Supplication

In the Eyes of the Ahl al-Bayt ('a)

Author:

Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi al-Asifi

Translator:

Jabir Chandoo

Cultural Affairs Department

The Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly

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نام کتاب: الدعاء عند اهل البیت (علیهم السلام)

نویسنده: شیخ محمد مهدی آصفی

مترجم: جابر چاندو

زبان ترجمه: انگلیسی

Supplication

In the Eyes of the Ahl al-Bayt ('a)

Author: Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi al-Asifi

Translator: Jabir Chandoo

Project supervisor: Translation Unit, Cultural Affairs Department /The Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) World Assembly (ABWA)

Prepared by: The Islamic Seminary INCNY

Editor: Jabir Chandoo

Publisher: ABWA Publishing and Printing Center

First Printing: 2008

Printed by: Layl¡ Press

Copies: 10000

© Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) World Assembly (ABWA)

www.ahl-ul-bayt.org

info@ahl-ul-bayt.org

ISBN:

All rights reserved

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2. Entertaining a Good Opinion of Allah —95

3. Being in Need of Allah Desperately —98

4. Entering from the Doors Ordained by Allah —100

5. Turning of the Heart to Allah —101

6. Humiliation and Softening the Heart —104

7. Continuity in Praying in Adversity and Ease —108

8. Fulfilling the Covenant of Allah —111

9. Simultaneity of Prayer with Efforts —111

10. Supplication within the Framework of the Divine Norms —113

11. Abstinence from Sins —114

12. Congregation for Supplication and Asking the Believers to say ÀmmÐn —115

13. Consistency in Praying to Allah —115

14. Preparing the Self for Prayer —116

15. Calling Allah by His Beautiful Names —118

16. Presenting the Needs before Allah —120

17. Persistence in Praying —120

18. Prayer for Others and from Others —122

19. Supplication at the Time of the Descent of Mercy —124

20. Praying in the Middle of the Night —125

21. Wiping the Face and Head after Supplication —128

Obstacles and Hindrances

The Role of Sins in Veiling Man from Allah —133

The Twofold Role of the Soul in Receiving and Giving —134

The Role of the Soul in Giving Out Guidance —136

Factors which Cause the Obscurity of the Heart —138

Sins Invert the Heart —139

Sins Deprive Man of the Sweetness of Remembrance —140

Sins that Withhold Prayer —141

Obstacles and Factors of the Ascension of Deeds —142

Obstacles of the Ascension of Deeds —142

Factors of the Ascension of Deeds —147

The Means to be Employed when Praying to Allah

Pleading with the Holy Prophet (Ò) and the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) —154

Means of Recourse to Allah in the Supplication of Kumayl —155

General Frame of the Supplication of Kumayl —156

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Structure of the Supplication of Kumayl —157

Four Means of Recourse in the Supplication of Kumayl —163

Lawful and Unlawful Requests

1. Things we should pray for to Allah —175

1. Blessings on MuÎammad (Ò) and His Progeny (‘a) —175

An Example of Invoking Blessings on MuÎammad (Ò) and His Progeny (Ýa) —178

2. Praying for the Believers —178

a. Praying for the Believers in General —179

Examples of Generalization in Prayer —183

Three Forms of Prayer in the Qur’an —185

1. The Prayer of a Person for Himself —185

2. The Prayer of a Person for Others —186

3. The Prayer of All for All —187

An Analysis and Explanation of the Third Form of Prayer —188

b. Praying for the Believers in Particular —192

1. Praying for the Believers in their Absence —193

2. Praying for Forty Believers —195

3. Giving Preference to Others in Prayer —195

3. Praying for the Parents —199

4. Man’s Prayer for Himself —200

1. Generalization in Prayer —200

2. Great Needs Should not Stop us from Asking for Smaller Things —203

3. Praying for the Great Bounties —205

4. Reliance on the Divine Planning —207

5. Pleading for the Face of Allah from Allah —209

2. Things We should not Pray for to Allah —211

1. Petition in Contrary to the Norms of Allah in the Universe and Life —211

2. Praying for Illegal Things —214

3. Wishing the Eradication of Blessings from Others —215

4. Petition Against the Advantage of the Supplicant —216

5. Seeking Refuge from Test —217

6. Not to Invoke Evil Upon the Believers —218

Loving Hearts Cause Allah’s Mercy —222

Harbouring Deceit for the Believers Causes the Wrath of Allah —223

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Harbouring Evil for the Believers Witholds the Deed from Allah —223

Allah Never Looks at Those Who Hate the Believers —223

Divine Love in the Supplications of the Ahl al-Bayt (Ýa)

The Relation with Allah —227

Love of Allah —229

Belief and Love —232

The Pleasure of Love —232

Love Compensates the Deficiency of the Deed —234

Love of Allah Protects Man from the Punishment —236

Levels of Love —237

The State of Yearning and Intimacy in Love —245

Another Illustration —259

Inspirations and Outflows of the Heart —264

The Principle of Choice —267

A Return to the Whispered Prayer of Al-murÐdÐn —269

The Peak and Trough of the Prayer —270

The Three Means —273

The First Means: Neediness —273

The Second Means: Supplication —279

The Third Means: Love —279

Another Illustration of the State of Yearning to Allah —285

Sincerity in Love of Allah —288

The Jealousy of Allah for His Servant —291

Love 'of' Allah and 'for' Allah —294

The First Source of Love —297

1. Allah Loves His Servants —297

2. Allah Confers upon His Servants His Love and Affection —298

3. Allah Shows His Affection toward His Servants —300

Sources of Supplications in the Heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a)

The Importance given by the Companions of the AÞimmah to the Recording of the AÎÁdÐth —305

The Four Hundred Treatises of ÍadÐth —305

The Burning of the Heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) at the Hands of Tughril Beg —307

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Immunity of Part of the Heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (Ýa) from being Destroyed —308

Supplications handed down to Us Intact through MiÒbÁÎ al-Mutahajjid —309

Sources of Supplication that reached Ibn ÓÁwÙs —310

One Thousand Five Hundred Sources of ÍadÐth and Du‘Á’ with Ibn ÓÁwÙs —311

Fifteen Books of Sayyid Ibn ÓÁwÙs on Supplication and AdhkÁr —311

Later Source Books of Supplication —313

Supplication and the Divine Decree and Destiny

The Law of Causality in History and the Universe —317

The Relation between the Divine Will and the Law of Causality —319

The Reign of the Divine Will over the Law of Causality by Itself —320

The Law of Mediate Causation —321

The Law of Facilitation —323

The Absolute Reign of Allah’s Will in the Universe —323

The Relation between the Will of Allah and the Law of Causality —324

Change in Allah’s Decree in Creation —326

Obliteration and Affirmation —327

The Effect of Belief in BadÁÞ —329

Supplication and BadÁÞ —330

Visitation: Its Monotheistic and Political Dimensions

The Family of Monotheism in History —335

The Inter-connectedness and Reunion between Generations of this Family —336

The Visitation —341

A Study of the Concepts which have Appeared in the Texts of the ZiyÁrÁt —344

The Political and Dynamic Aspect in the ZiyÁrÁt —344

ZiyÁrat within the General Political Relationship —344

1. Testimony —346

a. Testimony to the Messengership of the Prophet (Ò) in the First Stage of the Conflict —346

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b. Testimony for the Imam (‘a) in the Second Stage of the Conflict —347

c. Testimony on the Second Part of the Dispute on the Interpretation —348

d. Testimony for the Inheritance —350

The Witness and the Witnessed for —352

2. The Stand —354

Friendship and Dissociation —356

Pleasure and Anger —358

Peace and Submission —359

Praying for the Triumph of the Revenge —361

Prayer for the Revenge (tha’r) —363

ZiyÁrat within the Framework of Personal Relationship —364

Bibliography —369

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acceptable to a healthy mind and the pure human natural disposition {fitrah}.

In a bid to assist those who are in quest of truth, the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) World Assembly has endeavored to enter a new phase of these worthy experiences within the framework of research and translating the works of contemporary Shi‘ah writers or those who, through divine guidance, have embraced this noble school.

The Assembly is also engaged in the study and publication of the valuable works of pious predecessors and outstanding Shi‘ah personalities so that those who are thirsty for the truth could quench their thirst from this refreshing fountain by listening and embracing this truth, which the Holy Prophet’s Household (‘a) has offered as a gift to the entire world.

It is hoped that our dear readers would not deprive the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) World Assembly of their valuable opinions, suggestions and constructive criticisms in this arena.

We also invite scholars, translators and other institutions to assist us in propagating the pure Muhammadan (S) Islam.

We ask God, the Exalted, to accept this trivial effort and enhance it further under the auspices of His vicegerent on earth, Hadrat al-Mahdi (may Allah, the Exalted, expedite his glorious advent).

It is appropriate here to express our utmost gratitude to ash-Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi al-Asifi for writing the book, and to Br. Jabir Chandoo for translating it, as well as to all our honorable colleagues in accomplishing this task especially the dear ones in the Translation Office for undertaking this responsibility.

Cultural Affairs Department

Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) World Assembly

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All do We help, these as well as those, out of the bounty of your Lord, and the bounty of your Lord is not confined.”(1)

A phrase in the supplication of al-iftitah reads, “And the frequency of giving increases Him not but in generosity and kindness.”

c. In whose divinity there is no stinginess. He is not miser in answering the needs of His servants.

Therefore, there is no reason that He should not answer the prayer of His servants when they pray to Him regarding that which is of importance to them, be it great or small, as He {himself} has said,

“Call Me, I will answer you”(2);

except if the response (istijabah) is not to the benefit of the supplicant, as he is not aware of what is beneficial to him in reality and what is not, whilst Allah is All-knowing.

With regard to this, a phrase in the supplication of al-iftitah reads:

“If there was a delay {in Your response}, I would blame You, due to my ignorance; while perhaps that which has {been} delayed is good for me, as You know the outcome of all affairs. I have not seen a more generous master, so patient with a wretched slave, than You are with me.”

Nothing can elevate a person to Allah, the Exalted, better than his neediness (faqr) to Him. ‘Neediness to Allah’ is among the stations (manazil) of the mercy of Allah.

The more a person is aware of his neediness to Allah, the closer he is to His mercy. On the contrary, the more arrogant he becomes, not realizing his neediness and dependency on Allah, the farther he shall be from His mercy.

However, prayer does not dispense with the need for effort and action, as the endeavour by the supplicant for attaining his wish does not dispense with prayer and petition to Allah.

(‘ibadah), whilst worshipping Allah is the goal of the creation of mankind.

These three points mentioned above reveal to us the value of prayer as well as its reality. So let us start with the third point and work our way upward to the first one.

The Qur’an is very clear in that worship (‘ibadah) is the aim behind the creation of the human beings. He, the Exalted, says:

“I did not create the jinn and the humans except that they may worship Me.”(1)

This is precisely what the third point entails; a concept which is of utmost importance in Islam.

The value of worship lies in that it ties and links the human being to Allah. It is due to this very reason that the intention of getting closer to Allah (qasd at-Taqarrub) is an essential element in the realization of ‘ibadah, without which the action performed would not be considered as ‘ibadah.

Hence, the reality of ‘ibadah is the journey toward Allah, turning to Him, aspiring His face, and seeking His pleasure. This is the second point which is, in fact, an illustration of the first point.

The first point implied that prayer is a state of turning toward Allah, as it is one of the most distinct instances of connection and link with Allah. Among the different acts of devotion (‘ibadah), there is no act which can take man closer to Allah than du’a’.

Sayf at-Tammar is narrated to have said, “I heard Abu ‘Abdillah as-Sadiq (‘a) saying, ‘I enjoin prayer (du’a’) upon you, for there is nothing which will get you closer to Allah than du’a’.’”(2)

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The greater one’s need (hajat), desperation (idtirar) and dependency (faqr) on Allah, the more profound is his state of turning (iqbal) toward Him. There is a proportional relation between one’s feeling of dependency and his being in need of Allah desperately, and one’s turning toward Allah; for need and desperation prompts one to take resort in Him. And the iqbal of a person toward Allah, the Exalted, would be according to the degree of his perception of his own neediness, as the opposite is also correct.

He, the Exalted, says in this regard:

“Indeed man becomes rebellious when he considers himself without need.”(1)

Indeed man rebels and turns away from Allah as much as he sees himself to be needless. On the contrary, he turns toward Allah as much as he perceives his indigence and need toward Him. The Qur’an is precise in its words, ‘when he considers himself without need’.

In actual fact, no human being is needless of Allah, rather the whole of man’s existence is absolute neediness (faqr) to Allah:

“O mankind! You are the ones who stand in need of Allah, and Allah –He is the All-sufficient, All-laudable.”(2)

Nevertheless, it seems to him that he has become needless, and it is the arrogance (ghurur) of man that creates this impression in him.

When it appears to him that he is needless, he becomes disregardful and turns aside and transgresses. But when distress touches him and he feels himself to be in need of Allah, then he comes back and turns toward Him.

In conclusion, the reality of prayer is ‘turning toward Allah’ (iqbal). Whoever wishes to call on Allah and implore Him, he must turn toward Him earnestly. And it is this state of ‘turning’

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which constitutes the reality and essence of prayer and makes it valuable.

grateful, I will surely enhance you {in blessing}’(1); and He says: ‘Call Me, I will answer you.’(2)”(3)

‘Abdullah bin Walid al-Wasafi reports from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “{There are} three things with which nothing can cause harm {to a person}; prayer (du’a’) during hardships, seeking forgiveness (istighfar) after committing a sin, and thankfulness (shukr) when one is given a blessing.”(4)

These are in fact channels of communication with Allah. Nonetheless, the channels of communication with Allah are many, such as repentance (tawbah), fear (khawf) and awe (khashyah) of Allah, love (hubb) and yearning (shawq) for Allah, and hope in Allah (raja’).

However, man’s relation with Allah must be structured on a well-arranged collection of the above elements, as Islam does not approve the theory of there being only a single way of communication with Allah.

Prayer is one of the most significant means of communication with Allah and turning toward Him. This is because nothing inspires people to take resort to Allah the way their neediness (hajat) and indigence (faqr) prompt them to do so. Hence, du’a’ is among the widest of the doors of communication with Allah.

In his supplication at dawn, Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says: “All praise is due to Allah whom I call for my need whenever I wish, and confide to Him my secrets whenever I will -without a mediator, and He fulfills my need.”

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the reality of prayer is turning toward Allah, it is the most liked and the most revered of things in the eyes of Allah.

The Holy Prophet (S) says: “There is no thing more honourable (akram) in the eyes of Allah than du’a.”(1)

Hannan bin Sudair relates from his father, “I said to al-Baqir (‘a), ‘Which act of worship is the best?’ He (‘a) replied, ‘Nothing is more lovable to Allah than that He should be asked and besought of what He possesses. There is no one more disliked by Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, than him who is disdainful of His worship and does not ask Him of what He possesses.”(2)

In his supplication for the day of Wednesday, Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a) says: “All praise is due to Allah whose pleasure (mardat) is in petition to Him and begging for what is with Him, and whose anger is in lack of insistence in imploring Him.”

A phrase in the supplication of kumayl reads, “…For you have decreed upon your servants to worship You, and have commanded them to supplicate You and assured them that they would be answered; so to You, O my Lord, I have turned my face, and toward You, O my Lord, I have extended my hand…”

immediately after this it says: ‘those who are disdainful of My worship will enter hell in utter humility.’

Hence, disregard of prayer according to the above verse is tantamount to being arrogant in worship; as it implies turning away (i’rad) from Allah. The same has been reported from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) regarding the interpretation of the above verse. He (‘a) says: “{Supplication} is, by Allah, the worship (‘ibadah), it is -by Allah- the worship!”

Hammad bin ‘Isa reports from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “Supplication is indeed the worship (‘ibadah). Allah, the Exalted, says: ‘Those who are disdainful of My worship will enter hell in utter humility.’”(1) (2)

Man holds no status in the eyes of Allah but by virtue of supplication and to the extent that he prays to Allah. And Allah, the Exalted, cares for His servant as much as he implores Him and turns toward Him,

“Say, ‘What store my Lord would set by you were it not for your supplication?”(3)

This is because the reality of supplication is equivalent to turning toward Allah (iqbal), as disregard for it is turning away (i’rad) from Him. And Allah does not care for one who turns away from Him, nor will he hold any status in His eyes.

Imam al-Baqir (‘a) says in a narration, “No one is more hated by Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, than he who shows

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arrogance in worshipping Him and does not ask Him for that which lies with Him.”(1)

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said, “You must implore Allah or else He will be wrathful at you. Indeed Allah has servants who do {righteous} deeds, so He gives them {of His mercy}; and there are others who sincerely ask Him, so He grants them. Thereafter, He will gather all of them in the Heaven. So those who performed {good} deeds shall say, ‘Our Lord, You gave us because we acted {righteously}, but why did You give to these {people}?’ He will say, ‘These are my servants. I gave you your reward without wasting anything of your deeds. These people besought Me, hence I gave them and enriched them; this is My grace, I give it to whomsoever I desire.”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Pray to Allah frequently, for Allah loves His believing servants to call on Him and He has indeed promised them the response.”(1)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is related to have said, “The most lovable of acts to Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, on this earth is supplication.”(2)

It has been reported that Imam al-Baqir (‘a) used to say, “When a believer entreats Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, for a need, He delays in responding to him quickly, out of love for {hearing} his voice and listening to his lamentation.”(3)

Abu ‘Abdillah as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “{It so happens that} a servant makes supplication and Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says to the two angels, ‘I have indeed answered him, but confine him to his need, for I love listening to his voice.’ And {at times} a servant makes a petition and Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, says: ‘Grant his need quickly, for I hate his voice.”(4)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is reported to have said, “When a servant -who is a friend of Allah, implores Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, for a matter which concerns him, then it is said to the angel appointed over him, ‘Fulfill the need of My servant, but do not hurry, for I long to listen to his voice and call.’ And when a servant -who is a foe of Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, calls on Allah regarding a matter which concerns him, it is said

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to the angel appointed over him, ‘Fulfill his need and make haste, as I dislike to listen to his voice and call.”(1)

my condition where I was heading toward. He met me on the way and took hold of my hand and said, ‘I have come to know of what you are intending to do. Who do you entertain hope in to remove what has befallen you?’

‘Hasan bin Zayd’, I replied.

He said, ‘In this case, he is not going to fulfill your need, nor will your request be granted. You must ask One who is capable of doing that, One who is the Most Generous of those who are generous. Seek from Him what you are hoping for; for I have heard my cousin, Ja’far bin Muhammad, narrating from his father, who related from his grandfather, who reported from his father Husain bin ‘Ali (‘a), who narrated from his father ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a), who reported the Holy Prophet (S) saying:

‘Allah revealed to some of His prophets in some of His revelations saying, ‘By My might and majesty, I will indeed sever the hope of one who entertains hope in other than Me with despair, and I will clothe him with the dress of humiliation among the people, and I will distance him from My salvation and bounties. Does My servant entertain hope in other than Me during hardships, while all the hardships are in My hand?

And does he anticipate from other than Me, while I am the All-sufficient and the Generous? In my hand are the keys of the closed doors, and My door is open for one who calls on Me. Do you not know that when one is afflicted with a calamity, then none other than Me has the ability to remove it from him? Then how come I find him hoping for its removal by turning away from Me, while I have given him out of My generosity and grace what he did not ask from Me?

Still he turned away from Me and did not beseech Me, rather he beseeched other than Me during his hardships, while I am Allah, I begin endowment before request (mas’alah). Can it be that I am asked but I do not give generously? Never. Are not generosity and kindness particular to Me? Are not this world and the Hereafter in My

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hand?

If all the inhabitants of the seven heavens and the earth were to ask Me and I were to grant each of them his request, this would not diminish My kingdom by the like of a fly’s wing! And how can a kingdom whose custodian is Me diminish? So wretched be he who disobeys Me and is not conscious of Me.’

So I said to him, ‘O son of the Prophet of Allah! Repeat this narration for me.’ So he repeated it three times. Then I said, ‘By Allah, I am not going to ask anyone for a need after this.’ And it was not long before Allah granted me a provision (rizq) from Him.”(1)

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Thus, a servant does not remember his Lord except after this remembrance has been preceeded by benevolence and grace from Allah, as he has no way to reach Allah but by His grace and mercy. So if he remembers Allah, it is by His grace; and if he prays to Him, it is through the success He, the Exalted, has granted him; and if he thanks Him, it is through His mercy.

In the supplication of ‘arafah, Imam al-Husayn (‘a) says: “My ignorance and audacity against You did not stop You from guiding me to that which would take me closer to You, and from facilitating for me that which would take me closer to You.”

Among the most subtle of prayers is the prayer of man to his Lord, the Exalted, to grant him success to pray to Him. In one of his supplications, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (‘a) says: “Fill my night with life by keeping me awake therein for worshipping You… and setting my needs before You.”(1)

In his supplication praying for facilitation (tawfiq) from Allah, Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “So assist me in obeying You, and grant me success to carry that which You made incumbent on me, of all which pleases You; for I have not seen anyone who has been able to attain something of Your obedience (ta’ah) except that it was through Your bounty upon him prior to his obedience. So bless me with a bounty through which I can attain Your pleasure (ridwan).”(2)

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says: “O Allah, make me leap to You in times of distress, ask from You in needs, and plead to You in misery; tempt me not to seek help from other than You when I am distressed.”(3)

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Hence, prayer (du’a’) and the response to it (ijabah) denote a reciprocal relation between Allah and His servant, the best and the most distinctive of its kind. Which relation between Allah, the Exalted, and his servant can be better than the one in which the servant turns toward his Lord with a need, request and petition, and Allah turns to His servant with response, singling him out for it.

I believe that the joy and pleasure derived from this kind of relation with Allah, and from this providence (‘inayah) and success (tawfiq) granted by Him to His servant -when He singles him out for secret conversation with Him, His remembrance and imploring Him, and that He honours him with meeting (liqa’) with Him, getting closer to Him and answering Him- engrosses man and occupies him from his need which he had presented before Allah.

And which pleasure can equal such a pleasure? Or which joy can be on a par with the joy of being in the presence (hudur) of Allah, meeting with Him, whispering to Him, remembering Him and being occupied in gazing at His majesty and beauty.

Standing before Allah for supplication is, in itself, a form of being in the presence of Allah, meeting with Him and whispering to Him. One of the mystics is related to have said, “Among the shameful things for man is that he should ask from Allah, while in His presence, other than Allah, and that he should be occupied in His presence with other than His majesty and beauty.”

A Divine Narration (hadith al-qudsi) related by the Holy Prophet (S) says: “He who is occupied by my mention (dhikri) from asking Me, I shall give him the best of what I give to the beseechers (sa’ilin).”(1)

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Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “If a servant who has a need to Allah begins {his prayer} with praising Allah and sending blessings on Muhammad and his Progeny, to the extent that he forgets his need, then He will fulfill it without him asking Him for it.”(1)

In the whispered prayer (munajat) of al-muhibbin (the lovers), Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says: “O my Lord… make us among those whose heart You have captivated for Your will, whom You have chosen for seeing You, whose attention You have secured purely for Yourself, whose heart You have freed for Your love, whom You have made desirous of what is with You… and from whom You have cut off all things which cut him off from You.”

or withholding (imsak); all these take place within the fixed Divine laws and norms.

These Divine norms (as-Sunan al-ilahiyyah) operate in the realm of the unseen (ghayb) as they operate in physics, chemistry and mechanics, without any difference.

“And you will never find any change in Allah’s precedent (sunnat).”(1)

“And you will never find alteration in the norm of Allah.”(2)

Now, what is the norm (sunnah) of Allah with respect to the acceptance (istijabah) of a prayer?

Therefore, supplication is the key by which we unlock the treasuries of Allah’s mercy. The treasuries of Allah’s mercy have no end, but not everyone possesses the keys to His treasuries, and not everyone is able to open the treasuries of His mercy.

With reference to the verse:

“Whatever mercy Allah unfolds for the people, no one can withhold it”(1),

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is reported to have said, “{The mercy implies} the prayer (du’a’).”(2) In other words, supplication is the very key by which Allah opens the doors of His mercy for the people, and which He has placed in their hands.

The Holy Prophet (S) says: “For whosoever among you the door of prayer (du’a’) is opened, the doors of response (ijabat) shall {also} be opened for him.”(3)

It is Allah who opens up toward His servant with prayer, and He is the one who opens for him the doors of its acceptance.

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Whoever knocks at the door of Allah, the Glorious, it will be opened for him.”(4)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is narrated to have said, “Supplicate frequently, for it is the key of every mercy and the fulfillment of every need. And that which lies with Allah cannot be attained but through prayer (du’a’). A door which is frequently knocked at is likely to be opened for the one who knocks it.”(5)

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Imam Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Prayer (du’a’) is the key of fulfillment and the key of success. And the best prayer is that which emanates from a pure breast and a pious heart.”(1)

The Holy Prophet (S) once said, “Shall I show you a weapon that will deliver you from your enemies and increase in your provision (rizq)?”

{His companions} said, “Indeed!”

He said, “Supplicate your Lord day and night, for the weapon of a believer is supplication.”(2)

sustenance’, so it is said to him, ‘Did I not appoint for you the way to seek provision?’…”(1)

However, it is also not correct that one should confine himself to acting and forsake supplication.

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said, “Indeed Allah has servants who do {righteous} deeds, so He gives them {of His mercy}; and there are others who sincerely ask Him, so He grants them. Thereafter, He will gather all of them in the Heaven. So those who performed {good} deeds shall say, ‘Our Lord, You gave us because we acted {righteously}, but why did You give to these {people}?’ He will say, ‘These are my servants. I gave you your reward without wasting anything of your deeds. These people besought Me, hence I gave them and enriched them; this is My grace, I give it to whosoever I desire.”(2)

Allah, the Exalted, has made prayer a means to compensate for the inadequacy of man’s efforts, so that he might not rely on himself and be deluded with what he has been given of power and strength, and with the efforts he has put.

Hence, action and prayer are two keys among the greatest keys through which man unlocks the doors of Allah’s mercy.

We are not concerned at the moment about discussing the ‘action’ and its relation to Allah’s mercy vis-à-vis the relation between ‘prayer’ and the treasures of Allah’s mercy and that between the action and prayer; for this relation is among the principal Islamic issues.

He, the Exalted, bestows upon His servants because of both, effort and prayer. This implies that Allah gives His servants

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through what is with them and what is not with them. What is with them is their efforts, actions, and what they send forth before Allah of their endeavour and spend of their persons and wealth. What is not with them is denoted by their indigence (faqr) and neediness (hajat) to Allah, and their presentation of poverty and need before Allah.

Through each of these two man attracts the mercy of Allah; by raising toward Him his efforts, actions, his self and wealth, and by displaying before Him his need, indigence, non-existence and desperation.

answers the call of His servants is the very one who has laid these norms in nature, and he is the one who has commanded His servants to follow these norms, and seek their provision and needs through them.

He, the Exalted, says in this regard:

“It is He who made the earth tractable for you; so walk on its flanks and eat of His provision…”(1)

and:

“And when the prayer (salat) is finished, disperse through the land and seek Allah’s grace…”(2)

In the same way that prayer cannot be a substitute for putting effort, likewise acting cannot be a substitute for prayer; for the keys of this universe are in the hand of Allah, He bestows upon His servants through prayer what they are not able to achieve by their efforts, as He facilitates for them by virtue of prayer those natural means (al-asbab at-Tabi’iyyah) which they are unable to attain by their endeavours.

However, the facilitation of the natural means by Allah for His servant does not imply that one becomes needless of prayer, petition and invoking Allah. This is because it is Allah, the Exalted, who expands (al-basit) and tightens (al-qabid), who gives and withholds, who benefits and harms, who gives life and causes death, who exalts and abases; in His hand are the keys of the universe; nothing in the universe can disobey His command; every power in this universe which can benefit or harm is subject to His order and strength.

The natural agents in this vast universe have no independent existence from the will (iradah) of Allah and His power, so that by employing them man should needless of prayer, petition and imploring Allah. And we glorify and declare Allah to be above

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what the Jews say about Him:

“The hand of Allah is tied up!”(1)

Instead we believe in what the Qur’an says:

“Rather His hands are wide open.”(2)

Hence, we interact with Allah in all situations, as we do not distinguish between interaction with Allah and interaction with the norms which Allah laid as means for the provision of His servants. We believe that these norms and natural causes benefit and harm us in extension to the will (iradah), desire (mashi’ah) and strength of Allah, not independent of, and on a par with, the Divine will and power.

Moreover, we perceive the hand of Allah, the Exalted, His mercy, bounties and wisdom in all of our affairs, small and big, as we perceive the will of Allah, facilitation by Him (tawfiq) and His favours throughout our lives. Thus, we are in need of Allah at every moment and at every turn of our lives, and we are destitute in the face of His mercy, bounties, care, success and guidance. Accordingly, we pray to Him that He alone should take charge of all our affairs with uprightness, and we seek refuge with Him that He should not leave us on our own even for a moment, and should not make us dependent on other than Himself.

However, the like of the above supplication does not mean that since one has asked Allah to take charge of His needs, he should now keep away his needs and affairs from the people and should not employ the natural causes operating in the universe. It rather implies that one should pray to Allah to make his need toward others in extension to his need toward Him, the Exalted, and to make his reliance on other than Him in extension to his reliance on Him, and to make his dealing with other than Him in extension to his dealing with Allah, not independent of Him or

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in parallel (‘ard) to one’s dependency on Him, the Exalted; for all the causes in this universe are, at the first stage, subservient to Allah, and He it is who has made them subservient to His creatures.

Employing the natural means and relying on them in extension to the interaction with Allah and relying on Him is, in fact, the essence of tawhid (monotheism) toward which the Qur’an invites the people. The effect of the natural causes is not in parallel to, nor independent of, the existence (wujud) and act (fi’l) of Allah.

It is on this basis that we say that man should pray to Allah in all affairs and ask Him for everything, small or big; from the salt of his bread and the fodder of his cattle to the victory against the enemy in the battlefields. None of his affairs in life should be an exception to this principle. He should not consider himself needless of Allah in any of his needs and requests by relying on other than Him from among His creatures.

At the same time, we believe that seeking asylum with Allah in everything and asking Him for everything does not contradict man’s employment of the means which Allah has created for him and made subservient to him in this world. Hence, he should pray to Allah for his health and recovery from illness, and thereafter utilize all that which Allah has placed as means of remedy and physical well-being in the field of medicine.

To the extent that we believe that if one were to break this equilibrium and then pray to Allah, away from the norms of Allah in this universe, his prayer would not be answered and he would rather be like ‘an archer who shoots without a bow’.

With this clear and subtle vision, Islam tries to educate us as to how to deal with Allah and His norms in the universe. And with this very perspective, we find the supplications from our A’immah (‘a) replete with beseeching Allah that He alone should take charge of the affairs of His servant and not to make

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him dependent on other than Himself, nor entrust him to his own self; and that He should connect his cord to that of His own, and cut him off from everything which cuts him off from Allah.

Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in one of his supplications, “And entrust me not to Your creatures, but take care of my need alone and Yourself attend to sufficing me. Look upon me and look after me in all my affairs …”(1)

In the supplication of ‘arafah, Imam al-Husayn (‘a) says: “O Allah, suffice me from what I fear, save me against that which I am cautious of, guard me and my religion, protect me in my journey, take charge of my family and property in my absence, bless me in what You have granted me, humble me in my self, make me distinguished in the eyes of the people, guard me against the evil of the jinn and mankind, do not disgrace me because of my sins, do not embarrass me because of my secret, do not put me to test through my deeds, do not deprive me of Your bounties, and do not entrust my {affair} to other than You.”

We shall now discuss the relationship between prayer and the response (istijabah).

levels of realization of one’s neediness toward Allah. The more one’s awareness of his need toward Allah, the closer would be his prayer to acceptance and the nearer he would be to the mercy of Allah. This is because there is no such thing as miserliness in the mercy of Allah. The difference among the people in receiving the mercy of Allah is solely due to the difference in the receptacle of their souls and their capacity.

It is, nonetheless, amazing that the ontological neediness and indigence, and one’s awareness of such neediness and indigence, is the receptacle of man through which he procures the mercy of Allah, such that the more his awareness of his neediness toward Allah, the greater his receptacle in which he receives Allah’s mercy.

Allah, the Exalted, gives everyone according to his capacity. Everyone procures Allah’s mercy according to the wideness of his receptacle; the greater the receptacle, the greater one’s share from the mercy of Allah.

Based on what has been said, we can summarize the reality of prayer (du’a’) as such:

1. The ontological need (faqr) to Allah.

2. The perception of the need.

3. The presentation of the need before Allah.

Each of the three statements differs in meaning from the other. Poverty is other than the perception of it; for there might be a person who is need (faqir) of Allah in everything, but is not aware of his neediness to Him. And at times, he might be aware of his neediness, but he may not be good in raising his need toward Allah and presenting it before Him, as he may not be good in asking Him and calling upon Him.

It is when these three statements come together that the reality of prayer is realized. It is worthy of note here that the need (faqr), from the philosophical point of view, is not only

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restricted to the need and dependency in ‘the coming into existence’ (huduth), the way a building stands in need of a builder. Rather, it implies the ‘need’ both in the ‘coming into existence’ as well as in the ‘continuity of the existence’ (baqa’), exactly the way the light produced from electricity is in constant need of the flow of electrons. The lantern will give light so long as there is a constant flow of electrons, such that there would be an immediate break up in the brighteness if the flow were to be cut even for a moment.

Man’s neediness and dependency on Allah is exactly such. His coming into existence as well as the continuity of his existence is dependent. The existence of man, his talents, movement and life are all connected to Allah, and they are in need of Him, moment after moment, constantly and continuously. He, the Exalted, says:

“O mankind! You are the ones who stand in need of Allah, and Allah- He is the All-sufficient, the All-laudable.”(1)

The need and indigence attract Allah’s mercy, whether man is aware of them or not, and whether he raises them to Allah and presents them before Him or not. However, the poverty and neediness, which is perceived by man and raised toward Allah and presented before Him, is much stronger in attracting Allah’s mercy.

Accordingly, we will talk about the ‘need’ (faqr) and its relation to the ‘mercy of Allah’, before and after its perception and presentation before Allah.

it to Allah. The example of need is that of a low and soft land which naturally attracts water and absorbs it.

On the contrary, the parable of haughtiness and disdain for worshipping Allah is that of a high and solid land which does not accept water. Such are the people who are disdainful of Allah’s worship and of calling upon Him in repelling the mercy of Allah. Accordingly, He deprives them of it, even though His mercy embraces the heavens and the earth.

There exists an ontological (takwiniyyah) relation between indigence (faqr) and the mercy of Allah. Each of the two seeks the other and pursues it. The need toward Allah is in pursuit of Allah’s mercy, and the mercy of Allah seeks the object of need and indigence.

This is similar to the relation that exists between the weakness and neediness of a baby and the love and affection of a mother, each of the two seeks the other; the feebleness of the infant seeks the affection of the mother, whilst the affection and sympathy of the mother are in pursuit of the weakness of the infant, so that she may take care of her. In fact, in the sphere of the contingent existents (mumkinat), each of the two is in need of the other, such that the need of the mother toward caring for the weakness of the infant is, in no way, lesser than the need of the infant for the sympathy of her mother.

Similarly, a learned man is in search of an ignorant one so that he may teach him, as is the ignorant man in pursuit of a learned one so that he may learn from him. Here also, the need for a learned man to impart his knowledge to the ignorant is not lesser than the need of an ignorant man to learn from the learned.

Likewise, a physician seeks the sick to cure him, such that he declares his profession and specialization in order to attract the sick toward himself. So is the sick in pursuit of a physician. And

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the need of a physician for the sick is not lesser than the need of the sick toward the physician.

The strong always searches for the weak in order to support him, as the weak is in pursuit of the strong in so that he may take shelter with him. In this case too, the need of the strong to defend the weak is not lesser than the need of the weak for the protection of the strong.

In brief, this is the norm (sunnah) of Allah which is functioning in everything.

The same applies to the mercy of Allah and the ontological indigence of his creatures. The way the need seeks Allah’s mercy, so is the mercy in search of the need.

It should, however, be noted here that the Beautiful Attributes (sifat al-husna) of Allah are above any need and His divinity is beyond all needs. Rather, the mercy of Allah seeks the objects of need and indigence.

Also, His divinity is beyond any miserliness. Accordingly, the difference in the levels of mercy is due to the difference in the levels of need and indigence.

The land needs heat, light, water, and air for its growth, and Allah, the Exalted, grants her with what it needs. This ‘need’ of her is an ontological (takwini) request and demand. Whatever a thing is in need of and demands by nature, then that is its request and demand in an ontological language. Allah, the Exalted, says in this regard:

“Everyone in the heavens and the earth asks Him. Everyday He is in a different state.”(1)

And that which a thing needs and demands ontologically is never left unanswered.

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When a suckling baby, who has no knowledge of her own self, becomes thirsty and the thirst becomes unbearable for her, Allah, the Exalted, teaches her to express her need by crying and weeping, as He awakens the sympathy of her father and mother towards her so that they may attend to her and give her drink.

The thirst and hunger of the infant attracts the mercy and affection of Allah without there being any request and demand from the infant. In the same way, the pain and difficulties which a sick person undergoes invoke the mercy of Allah.

We, the human beings, disobey Allah and commit sins. But the very wrong deeds we commit seek the forgiveness of Allah by means of prayer and asking, and at times even without that. However, this is so long as the servant does not rebel against his Master and does not become stone-hearted such that he is driven away from the mercy of Allah:

“Say {that Allah declares}, ‘O My servants who have committed excesses against their own souls, do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed Allah will forgive all sins. Indeed He is the All-forgiving, the All-merciful.”(1)

This relation which exists between the forgiveness and mercy from Allah and our sins and disobedience, between the power of Allah and our weakness, between His Self-sufficiency and our poverty, between the cure He grants us and our illness, between His salvation and our being in need of Him desperately, and between His knowledge and our ignorance and our exceeding the limits set by Him, even without there being a request, demand and prayer from our side, is to be considered as one of the secrets of Islam in my opinion, as it is also among the secrets of this universe and the laws that govern it. And unless man understands this law in the universe and comprehends it within the context of man’s relation with Allah, he will not be

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able to understand a major part of the teachings of this religion and its secrets.

How many a sick has been cured by Allah’s mercy without demand and prayer:

“And when I get sick, it is He who cures me.”(1)

How many a needy and hungry whom Allah provided and appeased his hunger without him asking and praying to Allah. How many a helpless in the depth of the oceans, or beneath the rubbles, or under the swords, or amidst the burning fire, has been embraced by the mercy of Allah and rescued without asking and imploring Him.

How many a thirsty who could not resist the severity of his thirst was surrounded by Allah’s mercy and was satisfied without having prayed for it from Allah. How many a person who counters a danger such that he is within two bow’s length from it, whether he is aware of it or not, but the covering of Allah (sitr allah) overtakes him and and rescues Him.

How many a person has reached a blind alley in life and Allah has opened for him thousands of ways without him asking Him, rather without even having much knowledge of his Master; let aside the case wherein he would know Him but not ask from Him. And how many a suckling baby has been embraced by the mercy of Allah without her praying to Him.

A phrase in the supplication of al-iftitah reads, “O Allah, how many troubles You have relieved me of, griefs You have dispelled, mistakes You have undone, blessings You have spread, and series of afflictions You have separated.”

A phrase in a prayer of the holy month of Rajab says: “O He who gives to one who asks Him, O He who gives to one who does not ask Him and does not know Him, out of His affection and mercy.”

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The following has appeared in the whispered prayer (munajat) of rajabiyyah, “But Your forgiveness preceeds our deeds.” This statement implies that the forgiveness of Allah is constantly seeking our wrong deeds.

Hence, the ontological need and poverty are among the places where Allah’s mercy descends. Wherever there is this kind of indigence and neediness, there you will find the mercy of Allah.

The famous Persian mystical poet has a remarkable verse in this regard. He says: “Do not ask for water; ask for thirst, so that water might spring up from everywhere around you.”

This relation between the mercy of Allah and the need of His servants has also been refered to in the eloquent and touching whispered prayer of Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali (‘a):

“My Master, O my Master! You are the Master and I the servant! Has anyone mercy upon the servant but the Master? My Master, O my Master! You are the Possessor and I the possessed! Has anyone mercy upon the possessed but the Possessor? My Master, O my Master! You are the Exalted and I the abased! Has anyone mercy upon the abased but the Exalted?

My Master, O my Master! You are the Creator and I the created! Has anyone mercy upon the created but the Creator? My Master, O my master! You are the Strong and I the weak! Has anyone mercy upon the weak but the Strong?

My master, O my Master! You are the Needless and I the needy! Has anyone mercy upon the needy but the Needless? My Master, O my Master! You are the Giver and I the beggar! Has anyone mercy upon the beggar but the Giver? My Master, O my Master! You are the Living and I the dead! Has anyone mercy upon the dead but the Living?”

This was all about the need before it is realized by man and before his demand from Allah. It can also be termed as the ‘un-realized need’.

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‘My Lord would not care for you were it not for your supplication…’”(1)

The Qur’an also asserts that disregard for prayer is equal to showing arrogance in worshipping Allah:

“Your Lord has said, ‘Call Me, I will answer you.’ Indeed, those who are disdainful of My worship will enter hell in utter humility.”(2)

It is obvious that being arrogant in worshipping Allah is to be arrogant toward Allah Himself. And whoever is arrogant toward Allah, he will be driven away from the mercy of Allah and “…will enter hell in utter humility.”

mercy. This is the first station among the various stations of Allah’s mercy.

The second law is denoted by the relation between the ‘need’ after its realization and the ‘mercy of Allah’. No doubt, the ‘realized’ need differs from the need before its perception. Both of them are need and indigence, and both of them attract Allah’s mercy and invoke it. However, one of them is of the kind of the ‘non-realized’ need (al-faqr ghayr al-wa’i), while the other is of the kind of the ‘realized’ need (al-faqr al-wa’i).

The ‘non-realized’ need is a state in which man is in need of Allah without him being aware of his neediness toward Him, as, at times, he might not even know Him.

By the ‘realized’ need we mean a state in which the needy is well aware of his ontological need toward Allah. This awareness brings out the ‘need to Allah’ from the darkness into the light, whereas the ‘non-realized’ need continues to remain in darkness, unnoticed by the needy.

The needy who is aware of his ontological indigence to Allah can attract from the mercy of Allah and His grace what a needy who is unaware of his neediness cannot. It is as if being aware of the need solidifies the state of neediness, such that the greater and more firm the neediness, the greater the capacity of the soul for receiving the mercy of Allah.

We mentioned earlier that there is nothing like inability and miserliness with regard to the treasuries of Allah’s mercy. Rather, it is the capability of the people in receiving the mercy of Allah that differs. The greater the capacity of a person, the greater would be his share from the mercy of Allah. The capacity here implies the ‘ontological poverty’ which gets intensified as man’s degree of awareness about his own neediness toward Allah increases.

For instance, a guilty person who is aware that he is being taken for execution is able to attract the sympathy of the people and

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the rulers much more than a guilty who is being taken for execution without being aware of that. Although both of them are being taken for the same kind of execution, one who has confessed his guilt and knows the punishment that awaits him attracts the affection of the people more than others; as he is aware of his crime and punishment while the other is not.

1. “…You invoke Him suppliantly (tadarru’an) and secretly (khufyatan)…”(1)

2. “… And supplicate Him with fear (khawfan) and hope (tama’an), indeed Allah’s mercy is close to the virtuous.”(2)

Tadarru’ and khawf in the above verses are two states which confirm man’s awareness of his need to Allah and his need for protection from Him. Tama’ is a state which affirms man’s awareness of his desire for that which is with Allah, while praying secretly (khufyatan) gives rise to the state of ‘turning’ (iqbal) toward Allah.

3. “And the Man of the Fish, when he left in a rage, thinking that We would not put him to hardship. Then he cried out in the darkness, ‘There is no god except You. You are immaculate. I have indeed been among the wrongdoers.’ So We answered his prayer and delivered him from the agony; and thus do We deliver the faithful.”(3)

Here, there is admission and confession of wrongdoing by a servant before Allah, the Exalted:“You are immaculate. I have indeed been among the wrongdoers.”

Confession of an offence is part of one’s awareness of the wrong he has done. This in itself deepens in the heart of man the state of pleading for forgiveness and taking shelter with Allah. The higher one’s awareness of his offence and sin, the more intense would be his need to Allah, seeking repentance from Him and taking refuge with Him.

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4. “…And they would supplicate Us with eagerness and awe and were humble before Us.”(1)

Such psychic states as eagerness, awe and humilty also confirm man’s awareness of his need to Allah, his fear of His punishment, and his desire for that which is with Allah of the good provision and the best reward.

5. “Is not He who answers the call of the distressed {person} when he invokes Him and removes {his} distress …”(2)

Distress is also a psychic state which affirms man’s perception of his poverty and need to Allah, as well as his awareness that there is no means left for salvation and succour except from Allah.

6. “…They supplicate their Lord in fear and hope …”(3)

The response from Allah, the Exalted, comes in accordance with the intensity of man’s distress and his awareness of his need, and in accordance with the extent to which he displays his need in his imploration and prayer. He, the Exalted, says:

“… And supplicate Him with fear and hope, indeed Allah’s mercy is close to the virtuous.”(4)

The closeness of Allah’s mercy to a servant is proportional to the degree of his fear of Allah’s punishment and his eagerness for His benevolence. The more intense the fear in the heart of a servant, the stronger shall be his sense of seeking refuge with Allah, and the nearer shall be his prayer to acceptance.

The third law regarding the relation between prayer and its acceptance, which is among the most evident of the laws that

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are perceived by man through his innate disposition (fitrat), is the law which has been asserted by the Qur’an, “Call Me, I will answer you.”(1)

For every call there is a response. And this is exactly what the above verse means. This is a natural and evident law discerned by man through his innate nature. This is a universal law which is operative in all cases except when there is an obstacle standing against the response.

The obstacles which may hinder the response to a prayer are of two types; those related to the one-called (mas’ul), and those related to the one-calling (sa’il).

The impediments related to the one-called can be such as his inability to answer a call, or his being miser in responding. Those related to the one-calling can be such as that the acceptance of his prayer might not be to his benefit whilst he himself is unaware of this, whereas Allah, the Exalted, knows that and hence does not grant him his request.

As for the obstacles related to the one called, there is no room for them in relation to the power of Allah; for His power is absolute, He is not weak, nor does anything elude Him. Nothing is beyond His power and strength, and there is no limit to His existence and generosity. His treasuries never diminish and the frequency of giving increases Him not but in generosity and kindness.

Therefore, impediments of the first kind are unimaginable.

As for the obstacles related to the supplicant, they are conceivable. It often happens that Allah, the Exalted, delays in responding to the prayer of His servant, not out of His niggardliness or inability, but because of His knowledge that delay is good for His servant.

Many a times the acceptance of a

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prayer is harmful to the servant, thus Allah does not answer his prayer and instead recompenses him with either abundant good in this world together with the forgiveness of his sins, or with lofty stations in the world hereafter, or, sometimes, with both of them.

We will first talk about the impediments of the first and the second kind, and thereafter discuss the relation between prayer and the response.

“…Yet the entire earth will be in His fist on the Day of Ressurrection, and the heavens, scrolled, in His right hand….”(1)

“Indeed Allah has power over all things.”(2)

His order is accomplished without there being anything to stop or to hinder it.

“… The matter of the Hour is just like the twinkling of an eye, or {even} swifter. Indeed Allah has power over all things.”(3)

All this was regarding the vastness of His power and strength, and the accomplishment of His order and command.

Similarly, niggardliness is also inconceivable in relation to Allah. He, the Glorious, the Exalted, is the Generous to whose generosity and kindness there is no limit:

“…Our Lord! You comprehend all things in mercy and knowledge…”(4)

“But if they deny you, say, ‘Your Lord is the dispenser of an all-embracing mercy…”(5)

His bounty is endless, not limited:

“To these and to those –to all We extend the bounty of your Lord, and the bounty of your Lord is not confined.”(6)

“As for the felicitous, they will be in paradise… an endless bounty.”(7)

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No one can stop the mercy of Allah when He wishes to release it:

“Whatever mercy Allah unfolds for the people, no one can withhold it, and whatever He withholds, no one can release it after Him…”(1)

There is no end to the treasuries of His mercy:

“…Yet to Allah belong the treasuries of the heavens and the earth…”(2)

“There is not a thing but that its sources are with Us, and We do not send it down except in a known measure.”(3)

His treasuries do not run out because of what He grants His servants of provision. A phrase in the supplication of al-iftitah reads, “All praise is due to Allah whose command and praise are spread among His creation… whose hand is outstretched with generosity, whose treasuries never decrease, {rather} the frequency of giving increases Him not but in generosity and kindness.”

In his will to his son al-Hasan (‘a), based on the narration of Sharif ar-radiyy, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says:

“Know that He in whose hand are the treasuries of the heavens and the earth has allowed you to supplicate and has guaranteed you its acceptance. He has commanded you to ask from Him so that He may give you, and to request Him to have mercy on you so that He may shower His mercy on you.

He has not placed anyone between you and Him to veil you from Him, nor has he compelled you to one who would intercede with Him on your behalf. He does not prevent you from repentance were you to

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commit a sin, nor does He hasten you to punishment. He does not embarrass you {because of it} when you deserve to be embarrassed, nor does He show strictness in accepting your repentance. He does not object on you if you committed a wrong, nor does He despair you of {His} mercy.

Rather, he has regarded your abstention from sin to be a good deed. He counts your evil deed as one, but he counts your good deed as ten. He has opened for you the door of repentance and the door of propitiation.

When you call Him, He listens to your call, and when you whisper to Him, He is aware of your whisper. Thus, you inform Him of your need, unveil before Him what is in your heart, complain to Him of your worries, beseech Him to remove your troubles, seek His help in your affairs, and ask from the treasuries of His mercy that which no one other than Him is able to give, of long life, sound health and abundance in sustenance.

Then He put in your hand the keys of His treasuries by allowing you to ask from Him. So whenever you wished, you opened the doors of His blessings through supplication and invoked the shower of His mercy. Thus, delay in His response should not disappoint you, because that which is granted is according to the intention {of the supplicant}.”(1)

According to a Divine Narration (hadith al-qudsi), “O My servants! All of you are in error except for him whom I have guided. So ask guidance from Me, I will guide you. And all of you are poor except him whom I have enriched. So ask Me for richness, I will provide you. And all of you are sinful except for him whom I have protected.

So plead for My forgiveness, I will forgive you… If the first and the last of you, and the living and the dead of you, were to come together and each of them were

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to ask Me whatever he wished and I were to grant him his wish, yet this would not affect My kingdom… When I decide on a matter, all that I say to it is: ‘Be’ and it is.”(1)

angels to listen to the cry of supplication {rising} from My servants.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is narrated to have said: “{It so happens that} a servant makes supplication and Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says to the two angels, ‘I have indeed answered him, but confine him to his need, for I love listening to his voice.’ And {at times} a servant makes a petition and Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, says: ‘Grant his need quickly, for I hate his voice.”(2)

However, even if the acceptance of a prayer is detrimental for the supplicant, Allah, the Exalted, does not absolutely annul the response to his prayer. Rather, He transforms it to be the expiation (kaffarah) of his sins and a means of forgiveness; or converts it to a provision for him in this world; or grants him, instead, lofty stations in the Heaven.

Here we will mention three narrations from the Holy Prophet (S) and Imam ‘Ali (‘a) regarding the two situations mentioned above in brief, that is, substitution (tabdil) and delay (ta’jil).

increase {in praying} in this case”, said his companions. He (S) replied, “{Indeed} do increase.”(1)

He (S) is also reported to have said, “Prayer (du’a’) is the essence of worship. There is no believer who prays to Allah but that He responds to him; either He quickly grants it to him in this world, or delays it to the Hereafter, or forgives from his sins to the extent that he has prayed to him, so long as he does not pray for a sin.”(2)

In his will to his son al-Hasan (‘a), according to the narration of Sharif ar-radiyy, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says:

“Thus, delay in His response should not disappoint you, because that which is granted is according to the intention {of the supplicant}. Some of the time, the response might be delayed so that it may greatly increase in the reward of the supplicant and cause ample bounties for the hopeful {in Allah}.

At other times, you may ask for a thing but it is not given to you, and a better thing is given to you, sooner or later, or it will be taken away from you for some greater good of your’s; because you may have asked for a thing in which there is destruction of your religion, were it to be given to you. So let your request be for things whose beauty remains for you and whose evil consequences are averted from you. Wealth is not going to remain for you nor are you going to remain for it.”(3)

If we were to closely examine the above narrations, we would come across the following five cases as far as the acceptance of a prayer is concerned:

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1. Quick response (ta’jil) to the need for which the supplicant has prayed to Allah.

2. Delay (ta’jil) in the response to his prayer.

3. Substitution (tabdil) in the response. This is by warding off evil from the supplicant, if responding to his prayer is not to his benefit.

4. Substitution in the response by conferring upon him lofty stations, blessings and rewards in the Hereafter, if answering the need of the supplicant is not to his benefit.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Allah will transform the prayer of the believers on the Day of Resurrection into an action which will increase {in their stations} in the Heaven.”(1)

In another narration, Imam al-Baqir (‘a) is related to have said, “By Allah, that which Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, delays in granting the believers of what they ask from this world, is better for them than that which He quickly grants them from it.”(2)

5. Substitution in the response by forgiving his sins and wrongdoings, if the response to his prayer is not to his benefit.(3)

Nonetheless, substitution and delay in the response (istijabah) may not only be to the benefit of the supplicant alone, rather it may also be to the benefit of the entire system which surrounds the supplicant as well as others. Accordingly, granting his need

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or responding to his prayer quickly would result in a disturbance in the system which Allah, the Exalted, has decreed for the human species in particular, or in the system which He has ordained for the universe in its entirety.

(‘ibadah) which, in turn, causes Allah’s mercy to descend on the supplicant.

As a result, the Divine decree and destiny (al-qada’ wa al-qadar) is not a barrier to the acceptance of a prayer. This is because if Allah, the Exalted, does not answer the prayer of His servant, then He would convert it to a good deed and reward the supplicant for it in this world and the Hereafter.

There are indications in the Islamic sources to this subtle concept of the ‘transformation of a prayer into good deed’.

Hammad bin ‘Isa narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “I heard him say, ‘Supplicate, and do not say that the matter has been decided(1); for indeed supplication is the {only} worship (‘ibadah).”(2)

In another tradition(3), Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Pray to Him, and do not say the matter has been decided, for indeed supplication is the {only} worship. Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Indeed those who are disdainful of My worship will enter hell in utter humility.’(4)”

Exalted, delays in responding to the prayer of His servant, and, at times, makes a substitution in the response.

In other than these two situations, the acceptance of a prayer is certain. This ‘certainty’ stems from the indubitable judgement of man’s innate disposition (fitrah), so long as an asker is in need and desperate of the one-asked, and the one-asked is capable of fulfilling his need, and is not miser in relation to his creatures.

This definite relation between prayer and response has been affirmed by the Qur’an as well.(1) He, the Exalted, says:

1. “Is not He who answers the call of the distressed {person} when he invokes Him and removes his distress…”(2)

According to this verse, a distressed person needs only to invoke Allah for his prayer to be answered and his distress to be removed (…when he invokes Him…). So if he prays to Him in such a state, then Allah will undoubtedly answer his prayer and remove the distress from him.

2. “Your Lord has said: ‘Call Me, I will answer you.’ Indeed those who are disdainful of My worship will enter hell in utter humility.”(3)

This verse is crystal clear in showing the relation between prayer (du’a’) and its acceptance (Call Me, I will answer you.)

3. “…I answer the supplicant’s call when he calls Me.”(4)

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The definitive nature of the relation between prayer and the response is clear and expilcit from this category of verses in the Qur’an. These verses negate any kind of doubt from the heart about the certainty of the response from Allah to every prayer, so long as its acceptance is not detrimental to the supplicant, or to the general system of which the caller is a part. Moreover, the acceptance of a prayer in these verses is not conditional or dependent on anything else.

As for the conditions which we are going to talk about in chapter two of this book, they are in fact conditions necessary either for the realization and confirmation of the prayer (du’a’), or for the benefit of the supplicant himself, without which the du’a’ will lack effect or become null and void.

In conclusion, the relation between prayer and its acceptance is of a definitive nature which does not vary. It is an unconditional relation which cannot be suspended on anything else. Any condition in this regard is one which affirms and realizes the state (halat) of prayer, as the verse says:

“…when he invokes Him and removes {his} distress…(1)

The Islamic sources, the narrations of the Holy Prophet (S) and his Progeny, entail what confirms and deepens this relation between prayer and its acceptance. A Divine Narration says: “O ‘Isa! Indeed I am the best of the listeners; I answer the supplicants when they call Me.”(2)

The Holy Prophet (S) says in a tradition, “No servant {of Allah} walking in a valley stretches out the palms of his hands, remembering Allah and invoking Him, except that Allah will fill that valley with virtues, whether the valley is big or small.”(3)

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In another tradition, Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is reported to have said, “If a servant {of Allah} were to shut his mouth and not supplicate, he would not be given anything. So ask, you will be given.”(1)

Maysir bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “O Maysir! Indeed there is no door which is knocked at but that it is about to be opened for the one who knocks it.”(2)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is reported to have said, “If you consistently knock at the door {of Allah’s mercy}, it shall be opened for you.”(3)

In his advice to Amir al-Mu’minin (‘a), the Holy Prophet (S) said, “O ‘Ali! I advise you to supplicate (du’a’), for it is {always accompanied} with the response (ijabah).”(4)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “If anyone of you is inspired with prayer (du’a’) at the time of affliction, then know that the {duration of the} affliction is short.”(5)

In another tradition, Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Nay, by Allah, no one earnestly invokes Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, except that Allah will respond to him.”(6)

In a Divine Narration (hadith al-qudsi), Allah, the Exalted, says: “My servant has not been fair to Me; {when} he calls Me, I

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feel ashamed to reject {his prayer}, {but} he disobeys Me and is not {even} ashamed of Me.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) has said, “No servant {of Allah} stretches out his hand toward Allah, the All-mighty, the All-compeller, except that He, the All-mighty, the Majestic, feels ashamed to reject {his prayer}.”(2)

According to another Divine Narration, “Whosoever relieves himself (ahdatha) and then performs ablution and performs prayers (salat) and {thereafter} calls Me, then if I do not answer him in relation to what he has asked me of his religious or worldy affair, then I have disregarded him; but I am not a contemptuous (jafin) Lord.”(3)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Allah would not open the door of supplication {for a person} and {then} close on him the door of acceptance (ijabah).”(4)

In another tradition, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is narrated to have said, “He who is given {the opportunity to make} supplication will not be deprived of the response.”(5)

In the last two narrations there is a meaningful indication containing an ‘alawi breath, and that is that Allah, the Exalted, is generous and trustworthy. So if He opens the door of prayer for anyone, then it is not possible that He would shut on him the door of acceptance. Also, if He facilitates (tawfiq) for His

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servant to supplicate Him, then He will not deprive him of the response.

The Holy Prophet (S) is related to have said, “The door of supplication (du’a’) has not been opened for anyone but that the door of acceptance is {also} opened for him. So if the door of prayer is opened for any one of you, then he should strive; for Allah never gets tired {of listening to His servant}.”(1)

This was the third station among the stations of Allah’s mercy. O Allah, we heard Your message, bore witness to it and have believed in it.

that desert valley by the command of Allah. The little water they had finished, and the infant was struck by thirst and overwhelmed by it. The mother came up in search of water but could not find any trace of it.

The infant started crying, hitting the ground with his hands and feet, while the mother ran here and there. She would go up the hill of safa looking at the far away horizon in search of water. She would then come down and run in search of water toward the hill of marwah, praying to Allah to grant them water in that barren valley, while the infant was screaming and weeping, and hitting his hands and feet on the ground by the sacred House.

Suddenly, Allah, the Exalted, made a spring to gush forth under the feet of the infant. The mother quickly ran toward the water so that she may give drink to her suckling baby and stop the water from going waste. She was saying to the water as she raised a basin to collect it: “zam…zam”.

This astonishing event attracted the mercy of Allah on that particular day. He, the Exalted, brought forth the spring of zamzam in a barren land and made it to be a source of many blessings in that Holy Land.

This event was later made by Allah to be part of the practices of hajj and He gave it a place in one of the noble Islamic obligations decreed by Him.

Now, what is the secret hidden in this event? Why has it been given so much significance in {our} religion and has been made part of the hajj rituals? What is the main reason which attracted the mercy of Allah so strongly in this event, such that He made it a source of many blessings for the generations of the monotheists?

There must be a secret behind this event which necessitated Allah’s mercy in that barren valley, and caused the continuation of this mercy and its permanence, and which led it to be entered

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in the hajj rituals of the generations of monotheists (muwahhidin) by the Sacred House.

I believe -and Allah best knows the secrets of this incident- that this unique incident entailed three stations of Allah’s mercy on that particular day, each of which is effective in attracting His mercy.

The first station is the need (al-hajat) which is embodied in the thirst which was harming the suckling baby. Indeed indigence and need to Allah are among the stations of Allah’s mercy.

The more the need is injurious to a person, the closer he shall be to the mercy of Allah. That is why we find that the infants are much closer to Allah’s mercy, when they are struck with pain, hunger, thirst, cold or heat, than the adults who are able to endure it; as the need in case of the babies does more harm to them than to the adults.

A phrase in one of the supplications reads as follows, “O Allah, give me because of my neediness.” Neediness to Allah alone is enough to attract His mercy. The greater the need to Allah, the more effective it shall be in attracting His mercy.

Indigence puts a person at the doorstep of Allah’s mercy and takes him closer to it, whether he is aware of his neediness toward Him or not, though one’s awareness of the need increases it in its value and in its effectiveness in attracting Allah’s mercy, as mentioned earlier. However, this is so long as one does not pervert the ‘need’ (faqr) from its meaning, by thinking that it implies need toward wealth or the vanities of this world or some of the servants of Allah, instead of comprehending the reality of the need, which is one’s neediness toward Allah.

There is indeed a great difference between these two kinds of indigence. That which attracts Allah’s mercy is the need (faqr) toward Him. Consequently, when a person perverts this kind of indigence, from the ‘need to Allah’ to the ‘need to His

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creatures’, then the ‘need’ loses its value in attracting Allah’s mercy. Unfortunately, the need of the people, for most of the time, is of this kind and not of the kind of the need toward Allah.

Now, in the above mentioned incident, the cry and scream of the baby due to severe thirst is an effective scene for attracting Allah’s mercy. Among the scenes of indigence and need toward Allah, there is no scene more touching and effective in attracting Allah’s mercy than the one in which a baby is burning of thirst and the mother cannot find water for her.

The second station of Allah’s mercy in this incident is the ‘endeavour’ (sa’y). One of the conditions for attaining provision (rizq) is to strive, as there is no provision without putting effort. Allah, the Exalted, has made endeavour and movement in man’s life a key to His provision.

If the element of need (faqr) requires man to be in the state of desperation and want, then the element of endeavour demands from him determination (‘azm), firmness, strong-will (iradah), movement and activity. It is in accordance with man’s efforts, activity and determination that Allah would grant him of His mercy.

In the above incident, Lady Hajar, the mother of Prophet Isma’il, put effort to search for water as they were running short of it and her baby was overcome by thirst. She would go up the hill of safa looking for water at the farthest horizon, come down and move toward the hill of marwah in search of it. Although she did not find water, she did not despair and repeated her search, going up and coming down, from safa to marwah and vice-versa, seven times.

Had it not been for the ‘hope’ in her, she would have ceased to struggle right after her first attempt. But the hope with which her heart was filled persuaded her every time to go in search of water another time, until Allah delivered them by bringing forth

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the spring of zamzam under Isma’il ’s feet. Nevertheless, her hope was in Allah and not in her efforts, otherwise she would have despaired right in her first or second attempt.

Allah, the Exalted, has decreed such an endeavour and activity to be a condition for His provision and for the descent of His mercy on man. No doubt that it is Allah, the Exalted, who bestows upon His servants and sends down His mercy on them. But He has so willed that man’s endeavour and efforts be the key to His provision and mercy.

The third station of Allah’s mercy in this incident is the prayer of Lady Hajar, her total absorption in Allah (inqita’ ila allah), and her being in desperate need (idtirar) of Him in searching for water in that barren land.

The more one’s detachment from all other than Allah during prayer, the nearer he is to the mercy of Allah. I do not know in which state among the states of ‘total absorption in Allah’ this righteous lady was in during those moments in that deserted valley, with no animal or human being beside her, while her only baby was burning with thirst and about to breathe her last.

This lady had completely turned toward Allah alone during that critical moment such that even the angels began praying to Allah, joining their voices and prayers to that of her’s. If all the people were to attain the like of this state of total absorption in Allah, “they would surely have drawn nourishment from above them and from beneath their feet”(1), and Allah’s mercy would have embraced all of them.

Peace be upon you, O our mother! Isma’il is among your sons whom Allah endowed with light (nur), guidance (huda), belief (Iman), and prophethood (nubuwwah), and he is among those who have been guided aright. Were it not for your

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loneliness in that deserted and barren valley during the midday heat of Hijaz(1), and were it not for that suffering and difficulty, you would have not attained the like of the state of total absorption in Allah which you attained during that difficult situation, on the hills of safa and marwah.

And were it not for this detachment from all other than Allah, His mercy would not have embraced you and your child. And had it not been for this mercy, your total absorption in Allah and endeavour between safa and marwah would not have become part of Allah’s sacraments (sha’a’ir) in hajj.

“Indeed Safa and Marwah are among Allah’s sacraments. So whoever makes hajj to the House, or performs the ‘umrah there is no sin upon him to circuit between them. Should anyone do good of his own accord, then Allah is indeed appreciative, All-knowing.”(2)

O our mother! Allah has engraved in the memory of history your total absorption in Him in that midday heat, and your endeavour in search of water, and the cry of your infant Isma’il, so that people after you may know how to present themselves before Allah and plead for His mercy.

Indeed Allah’s mercy is all-embracing. There is no niggardliness, defect, or inability with regard to His mercy. But it is the people who are unaware of the places of His mercy and its stations, and are not acquainted with the correct way of beseeching His mercy and to benefit from it.

We have come to learn from you, O our mother, how to invoke for the stations of Allah’s mercy and how to present ourselves for it. From you, O our mother, have we taken the keys of mercy.

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But we apologize, O our mother, if we, your children, could not preserve these keys which you handed to Isma’il after yourself, and which were thereafter inherited by the descendents of Isma’il, and which eventually reached us from your son, Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah (S) . We lost them as we lost the other heritage and legacy of the prophets.

We learned from our father, Ibrahim, how to profess the Oneness of Allah (tawhid), and we learnt from our mother, Hajar, how to implore Allah. But we lost both of them due to our indulgence in lowly desires.

Help us, O Allah, to regain what we have lost of the heritage of our father Ibrahim and our mother Hajar, and make us among the members of their family, and do not oust us from this holy house, from the family of Ibrahim and ‘Imran.

“Indeed Allah chose Adam and Nuh, and the progeny of Ibrahim and the progeny of ‘Imran above all the nations; some of them are descendents of the others, and Allah is All-hearing, All-knowing.”(1)

“Our Lord, make us submissive to you, and {raise} from our progeny a nation submissive to you, and show us our rites {of worship}, and turn to us clemently. Indeed You are the All-clement, the All-merciful.”(2)

On that day, our mother employed in that barren and burning valley all the means of goodness; endeavour, supplication, and displaying neediness.

She would sometimes go up safa in search of water, and at other times up marwah; as Allah loves movement and

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endeavour from His servants, and has made it among the most important requisites for attaining provision (rizq).

But at the same time, she was absolutely detached from all other than Allah in her endeavour, praying and invoking Him alone in that situation, the like of which is to be rarely found in the history of mankind.

Neither did her putting effort and struggling veil her from Allah and cut her off from Him, nor did her complete absorption in Allah (inqita’) hinder her from activity and exerting effort in search of water, as much as a woman could have done in that barren valley and under that scorching midday heat, in seven rounds from safa to marwah and vice-versa.

Today in the sacraments (sha’a’ir) of the hajj, we take these rounds between these two hills without experiencing any difficulty, suffering, trouble, or distress, still we get tired and this activity exhausts us. While our mother, Hajar, performed this activity in that barren valley and under that midday heat, while she was thirsty, drained of all her strength and her suckling baby was about to breathe her last. Yet she carried out this activity in search of water with firmness, resolution, determination and strong-will.

But with all that, this endeavour did not cut her off or veil her from Allah even for a moment. Rather, she was continuously in contact with Allah and detached from all other than Him during whole of this tenacious endeavour. Thus, she bound her endeavour to achieve a worldly affair with complete absorption in Allah, and vice verse. Who among us is able to do such a thing?

The angels were, at this stage, looking at her in amazement.

How could she attain such a perfect detachment from all other than Allah?! How could she tenaciously look after water when she was encumbered with pain and difficulties?! How could she so supremely combine her endeavour with total absorption in

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Allah?! So they all raised their cries to Allah to answer her prayer and efforts, and that her endeavour and prayer may attract Allah’s mercy, and that she may attain proximity to Allah’s mercy.

A beam of prayer and good deed ascended on that day from the earth to the heavens, and a beam of mercy descended from the heavens to the earth. The earth was connected to the heavens and the heavens to the earth. The crowd of angels raised their cries to Allah, pleading with Him, as they witnessed this unique event. And all of a sudden that which had never entered any thought or imagination happened; a spring of clear, cool and pleasant water gushed forth under the feet of the suckling baby.

Glory be to Allah! All praise is due to Allah! He eventually answered her call and endeavour, but not at the place she had put her efforts, rather under the feet of the suckling baby who was at that time hitting the ground with her hands and feet, out of severe thirst. This was for her to know that Allah alone is the one who blessed her in that barren and burning valley with the cool and pleasant water, and it was not she who actualized that by her efforts and activity, though it was necessary for her to struggle in order for Allah to bless her with zamzam.

Accordingly, He made zamzam to gush forth under the feet of the suckling baby and He raised His sacred House in that valley. He blessed zamzam and made it a source of providing water to hajj pilgrims for generations to come. He engraved this activity and prayer in the memory of history and made it a sacrament among the sacraments (sha’a’ir) of hajj, so that the pilgrims may follow her example every year and send salutations from a distance to their mother, Hajar, and to their fathers, Ibrahim and Isma’il (‘a).

In conclusion, three means of Allah’s mercy had come together in that barren valley on that particular day; neediness (faqr), endeavour (sa’y) and prayer (du’a’); neediness at the farthest level of weakness (da’f) and lack (faqah); endeavour

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accompanied with firmness, resolution and determination; and prayer in the state of desperation (idtirar) and detachment (inqita’) from all other than Allah.

Every year during hajj we revive the memory of this great event, so that we may learn from our mother, the mother of Isma’il (‘a), how to beseech and attract Allah’s mercy and bounties.

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As for your saying that you spend but do not see any repay, had you acquired wealth through lawful means and spent it in the right way, then no one would spend a penny except that Allah would repay it to him.

And had you called on Him in the appropriate manner, He would answer you, even if you are disobedient.’

I said, ‘What is the appropriate manner of supplicating {Him}?’

He said, ‘After you have performed your {daily} obligatory prayers, praise Allah and extol Him, lauding Him as far as you can. {Then} send blessings on the Prophet (S) and exert yourself in sending blessings on him, and testify that he accomplished his mission. Send blessings on him as much as you can.

{Then} recall His bounties with you and those with which He has blessed you, and what He did {of good} to you, praising and thanking Him for that.

{Then} confess all your sins and admit them, or those which you remember and summarize those which have remained unnoticed by you.

{Then} repent to Allah for all your sins, with the intention of not repeating them again. Seek Allah’s forgiveness from them by regretting, with true intention, and with fear and hope.

{Then} say, ‘O Allah, I apologize to you for my wrong deeds. I ask for your forgiveness and repent to you. So assist me in obeying You, and grant me success in fulfilling what You have made incumbent upon me of all that which pleases You. Indeed I have seen no one who has been able to attain {even} part of Your obedience except that it was through your blessing on him before his obedience. So endow me with a blessing through which I may attain your pleasure and Heaven.’

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Thereafter, pray for your need, I hope that He will not disappoint you, by His will.”(1)

With regard to the etiquettes (adab) of supplication, Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says:

“Observe the etiquettes of prayer (du’a’), and see who you are calling and how you are calling, and why you are calling. Realize the greatness of Allah and His magnificence, and know from the bottom of your heart that He is aware of what is in your conscience, knows your innermost secret, and what transpires in it of the right and wrong.

Know the ways of your salvation and destruction, so that you may not pray to Allah for something in which there is your perdition, thinking that your salvation lies in it. Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Man prays for ill as {avidly as} he prays for good, and man is overhasty.’(2) Ponder on what you are asking for, and why are you asking for it.

Prayer (du’a’) is the responding of your whole to Allah (al-haqq), and the annihilation of the self in gazing at the Lord, and leaving the choice (ikhtiyar) altogether {to Him}, and the submission of all affairs to Allah, the manifest of it and the occult.

If you do not fulfill the requisites of prayer, then do not wait for the response, for indeed He knows the secret and what is still more hidden; and you may pray for something the contrary of which He has come to know from your innermost secret.”(3)

These two narrations point to the requisites (shurut) of the acceptance of a prayer and its etiquettes (adab).

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I was intending to initially talk about the requisites of prayer and thereafter about its etiquettes. But I encountered some difficulties in the demarcation between the requisites (shurut) and the etiquettes (adab), hence, I chose to merge the two together.

Here, I will quickly point to a set of requisites and etiquettes related to prayer in the light of the Islamic narrations.

convinced that I am capable to give them what they have asked for, ‘so that they may fare rightly.’(1)”

It is reported that once Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) recited the verse, “Is not He the one who answers the call of the distressed {person} when he invokes Him…”(2)

So he was asked, “Why is it that we invoke but are not answered?”

Imam (‘a) replied, “Because you invoke one whom you do not recognize, and you pray for what you do not know.”(3)

This tradition emphasizes on the importance of the role of the supplicant’s awareness of ‘the object of prayer’ and of ‘the one asked from’ in the acceptance of a prayer.

In another tradition, Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “The Holy Prophet (S) has said, ‘Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Whoever asks Me, knowing that I am the {only} One who harms and benefits, then I will surely answer him.”(4)

In one of his supplications, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says: “You have lauded Yourself for having no need for Your creatures, and it suits You to have no need for them, and You have attributed to them poverty, and it suits them to be poor toward You. So he who strives to remedy his lack through what is with You and wishes to turn poverty away from himself through You, has sought his need in the most likely place and come to his request from the right quarter.” (5)

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Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says in a whispered prayer (munajat), “Immaculate is He on whom relies every believer, and of whom every denier (jahid) is in need; and no one can become needless except by the grace of what is with Him.”(1)

Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in a supplication, “We rise in the morning in Your grasp. Your kingdom and authority contain us and Your will embraces us. We move about by Your command and turn this way and that through Your governing. We own nothing of the affair except what You have decreed and nothing of the good except what You have given.”(2)

We read in the Sahifat al-’Alawiyyah, “Who can do harm to You, or fight against You, or be beyond Your reach, or be safe from Your decree.”

Part of recognition (ma’rifah) is that a supplicant should know that Allah is near to him, nearer than any other thing, and that He is aware of what his soul tempts him to, and that He is nearer to him than his jugular vein, and that He intervenes between him and his self.

He, the Exalted, says:

“When My servants ask you about Me, {tell them that} I am indeed nearmost.”(3)

“We are nearer to him than his jugular vein.”(4)

“Know that Allah intervenes between between a man and his heart.”(5)

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Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says in a supplication, “I seek Your proximity through Your embracing mercy which has embraced all things. My Lord, indeed You see my position and are aware of what is in my conscience, You know my innermost secret, and nothing of my affairs is hidden from You, You are closer to me than my jugular vein.”(1)

In his supplication for the day of Friday, he (‘a) says: “There is no god but Allah, who answers (al-mujib) the one who invokes Him {even} with the lowest of his voice, who hears (as-Sami’) the one who whispers to Him {even} from the innermost of his heart, who is most kind (ar-ra’uf) toward him who entertains hope in Him to remove his distress, who is near (al-qarib) to him who calls on Him to relieve him of his hardship and grief.”(2)

In one of his sermons, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “He has taken precedence in highness such that nothing is higher than Him, and He is so near that nothing is nearer than Him. Neither has His highness distanced Him from any of His creatures, nor has His nearness put them on the same level with Him.”(3)

The Holy Prophet (S) says: “Invoke Allah while you are confident of the response {from Him}.”

Once Allah revealed to Prophet Musa (‘a), “Whenever you call Me and ask from Me, I am there to listen to you.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is narrated to have said, “When you pray {to Allah}, turn {to Him} with your heart, and think as if your need (hajat) were at the door.”(2)

He (‘a) has also been reported to have said, “When you pray {to Allah}, turn {to Him} with your heart, and then be confident of the response (ijabah).”(3)

Contrary to this, there is the state of despair (qunut) of Allah’s mercy and the acceptance of prayer. This is one of the things which distance man from Allah’s mercy. One may pray to Allah for something and He, the Exalted, may delay the response because of his own benefit.

But since the supplicant is not aware of that while Allah is, he starts entertaining a bad opinion (su’ al-zann) of Allah and despairs of His mercy. Hence, this state of despair would veil him from the mercy of Allah.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “A servant continues to be in {the state of} blessing, hope, and mercy of Allah -the All-mighty, the Majestic, so long as he does not make haste and does not despair and does not discard prayer.” He was aksed, “How does one make haste?” He (‘a) replied, “By saying, ‘I have been

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praying to Allah since such and such time, but I do not see the response.”(1)

Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abi Nasr says: “I said to Abu al-Hasan (‘a), ‘May I be your ransom! I have been praying to Allah for a need since such and such a year, but now something {of disappointment} has penetrated my heart because of the delay {in His response}.’

He (‘a) said, ‘O Ahmad! Be careful that Shaitan should not have a way to you and make you disappointed. Tell me, if I were to tell you something, would you trust my word?’

I said, ‘May I be your ransom! If I do not trust your word, then whose word would I trust, as you are the proof (hujjah) of Allah on His creatures.’

He (‘a) said, ‘Then be more confident in Allah; for you are on a promise with Him, the All-mighty, the Majestic. Does not Allah say, ‘When My servants ask you about Me, {tell them that} I am indeed nearmost. I answer the supplicant’s call when he calls Me’, and He has said, ‘Do not despair of the mercy of Allah’, and He has said, ‘But Allah promises you His forgiveness and grace.’ Then be confident in Allah more than you are in others, and do not put in your hearts (qulub) but what is good, for He is very forgiving to you.’”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is reported to have said, “When one hastily {prays to Allah} and then goes away, Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Does not My servant know that I am the only one who fulfills the needs?”(3)

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Hisham bin Salim reports from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “There was a gap of fourty years between Allah’s word, ‘Your supplication has already been granted’(1) and the seizure of Fir’awn.”(2)

Ishaq bin ‘Ammar says: “I asked as-Sadiq (‘a), ‘Is it possible that a person is granted his prayer but then it is delayed?’ ‘Yes, {even as long as} twenty years’, he replied.”(3)

3. Being in Need of Allah Desperately

One must take shelter with Allah during prayer like a distressed person who finds none other than Allah to rely upon and place his hope in. If a supplicant’s hope is divided between Allah and other than Him of His creatures, then he has not attained a due absorption in Allah (inqita’) and has not experienced in himself the state of being desperately in need of Allah (idtirar), which is a fundamental requisite for the acceptance of a prayer.

In his will to his son Muhammad al-Hanafiyyah, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Deliverance (khalas) is attained only through sincerity (ikhlas). When the {state of} fear intensifies, then to Allah is the retreat.”(4)

This is so because at the time of distress, one loses hope in all other than Allah and takes due resort to Allah, such that he entertains no hope in other than Him, the All-mighty, the Majestic.

It is narrated that Allah once revealed to Prophet ‘Isa (‘a), “Call Me the calling of one who is engrossed in grief and cannot

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find any helper. O ‘Isa! Ask Me and do not ask other than Me, so that the prayer from you would be favourable and so would be the response from Me.”(1)

In his Whispered Prayer, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “O Allah! My request does not resemble the request of the beggars, for if a beggar is deprived, he would cease begging, while I cannot do without that which I have asked from You, in all times. O Allah! Be pleased with me; and if you are not pleased with me, then forgive me; for a master may forgive his servant while he is displeased with him. O Allah! How dare I call You while I am what I am?! And how dare I despair of You while You are what You are?!”(2)

This is the state of being in desperate need of Allah in which a servant has no choice but to take refuge with Allah, the Exalted, and obtain his need from Him.

As mentioned earlier, the state of being in dire need of Allah necessitates the state of total absorption in Him. For in such a condition, a servant knows that his need lies only with Allah and not with other than Him. Hence, he would turn to Him alone, averting his face from all other than Him.

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says in a supplication, “Make me among those who supplicate You with sincerity in ease with the supplication of those who are in distress.”(3)

He says in another place, “O Allah, I showed sincerity by cutting myself off from everything but You. I approached You with my whole self. I averted my face from everyone who needs Your support. I ceased to ask from any one who cannot do

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without Your bounty. I saw that the needy who seeks from the needy is foolish in his opinion, and misguided in his intellect.”(1)

Nevertheless, this in no way means that one should not employ the material means which Allah Himself has ordained to be the means for the fulfillment of the needs of His creatures, and has also commanded them to do that. Rather, it means that these natural causes are in extension to the will (mashi’ah) of Allah and His command.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) has said, “If anyone of you wishes that he should not ask his Lord (rabb) for anything except that he should grant him, then let him despair of all the people and not place his hope but in Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic. If Allah comes to know of this from his heart, then he will not ask from Him for anything except that He will grant him.”(2)

It is has also been narrated from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) that he said, “Allah does not answer the prayer from the back of a hardened (qasin) heart.”(1)

Therefore, the heart of a supplicant must turn toward Allah and be attentive to Him during prayer. Negligence (lahw), heedlessness (sahw) and hardness (qaswah) of the heart are all among the hurdles which stop the heart from attaining the state of turning toward Allah.

While reciting the transmitted supplications(2) in particular, a reciter must create the state and ambiance of prayer within himself. He must also be cautious of his heart falling behind his tongue, as a result of which his tongue becomes busy with the recitation of the supplication while his heart is engaged with the worldly distractions.

In his valuable and instructional book, al-Muraqabat(3), the mystic jurist, Shaykh Jawad Maliki Tabrizi (may Allah have mercy on him) says:

“Know that you cannot attain the good of prayer (du’a’) and the response (ijabah) to it unless your innermost secret, your spirit and your heart are qualified (ittisaf) by the properties (sifat) of prayer. Qualification by its properties means that the originator of the prayer should be your innermost secret, spirit and heart.

For instance, when you say {addressing Allah}, ‘I place my hope (raja’) in You for every good’, your innermost secret, spirit and heart should entertain hope in Allah. Thereafter, its effects

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should become manifest in your actions. He in whose innermost secret and essence the ‘hope’ is actualized, then it is just as if his whole becomes {an embodiment of} hope. And if this is actualized in his spirit, then it is as if he lives with hope. And he who is hopeful with his heart, then the actions he performs of his own volition shall always be accompanied by hope.

So beware that none of your affairs should be devoid of hope, and consider that to be {part of} your actions. Then see, do you find in your activities the effect of hope, which is the act of seeking (talab), or not?

Have you not heard the speech of the Ma’sum (‘a), “Whoever is hopeful of something seeks it?” And this is how it is; because you find the people of this world who are hopeful of the worldly affairs, if they hope for good from someone or something, they would seek it from that person or thing to the extent of their hope. Do not you see that a trader never leaves his trade, or a craftsman his industry? All this is because they are anticipating good in the trade and industry.

Similarly, every group seeks what it anticipates from that in which they find their object of hope, and do not leave it until after they have acquired it, except {surprisingly} for him who is hopeful of the Heaven (jannah) and the Hereafter, and except for him who is hopeful of the grace and kindness of Allah, as is the case most of the time. But such a thing is impossible!

The fact that the effects (athar) follow their properties(1) is among the things ordained by Allah, the Wise; and you will find no change in the norm (sunnah) of Allah. Rather, the violation(2) (takhalluf) is due to the mistaking of the illusion (da’wa) for the reality

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(haqiqah), otherwise, there is not a little hope except that there is with it the like of it of the act of asking (talab), and so on.

The same applies to other elements of prayer, apart from hope, such as tasbih(1), tahlil(2), tahmid(3), tadarru’(4), istikanah(5), khawf(6), istighfar(7) and tawbah(8). Each of these has a reality and an illusion, and the effect belongs to the reality, without any violation.”

before Me in humility like a humble servant calling his master for help. If you did that, you will be showered with mercy, as I am the Most Kind of those who are kind and powerful.”(1)

Muhammad bin Muslim says: “I inquired from Abu Ja’far al-Baqir (‘a) about the verse ‘…Yet they neither humbled themselves to their Lord, nor did they entreat Him {for mercy}.’(2) He (‘a) replied, ‘Humbling oneself (istikanah) means humility (khudu’), while entreaty (tadarru’) means raising up the two hands in imploration.”(3)

Since the purpose behind this particular mode of prayer had not been clear for the people, the sceptics were putting people in doubt as to the mode of supplication. They would say: why do we raise our hands toward the skies? Is Allah in the skies that we should raise our hands toward it?

For this reason, the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) used to explain to them that Allah, the Exalted, is present everywhere, but we take up this particular mode of prayer as a mark of our humility and neediness toward Allah; for raising the two hands is a sign of humility and indigence. This mark has an inspiring effect in the softening of the heart, removing hardness from it, clearing it up and drawing its attention to Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted.

At-Tabrasi narrates in al-Ihtijaj that once Abu Qurrah asked Imam ar-Rida (‘a), “Why is it that when you supplicate you raise your hands toward the sky? Abu al-Hasan (‘a) replied, ‘Allah has sought servanthood (‘ubudiyyah) from His creatures through different forms of worship… and He has sought servanthood from His creatures during prayer (du’a’), request and imploration, by {asking them} to stretch their hands and

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raise them toward the sky, displaying their humility as a sign of servanthood and abasement before Him.”(1)

In fact, the moment of the softening of the heart is the very moment of the descent of Allah’s mercy. So one should avail such moments by turning his attention to Allah for supplication; for the mercy of Allah is without any reckoning during such moments. However, this should not imply that there is a specified time for the coming down of Allah’s mercy. Rather, the receiving of this mercy has a specified time and a particular state, the state of tenderness (riqqah).

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said, “Avail yourself of the opportunity of prayer (du’a’) at the softening {of the heart}; for it(2) is a mercy.”(3)

Abu Basir narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “If {the heart of} anyone of you becomes softened, then let him pray; for the heart does not soften until it has become pure.”(4)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) has also said, “When your skin quivers and your eyes shed tears, then you have drawn closer! Your need has been considered.”(5)

This narration is precise; for according to it the acceptance of a prayer has direct connection with the state (halat) of the supplicant. The more humble and softer the heart becomes, the closer the supplicant will be to the response. On the contrary,

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the harsher and harder it becomes, the further he will be from the response.

The Islamic narrations highlight the importance of availing the moments of the softening of the heart and when one is broken-hearted -as a result of the hardships and distress in this world- for turning toward Allah, the Exalted, through prayer and request.

These moments prepare one to turn toward Allah and receive His mercy. The secret behind all this lies in the fact that the heart cannot acquire the state of turning to Allah (iqbal) and that of receiving his mercy (istiqbal) except when it softens. Thus, the acquisition of the state of softening of the heart (riqqah) is necessary for one who desires the face of Allah (wajh allah) and wishes to attain the state of turning toward Him during prayer.

Ishaq bin ‘Ammar narrates, “I said to Abu ‘Abdillah as-Sadiq (‘a), ‘{It so happens that} I supplicate and desire to weep, but I cannot. At times, I remember some of my family members who have passed away, so my heart softens and I weep. Is this allowed?’ He replied, ‘Yes, do remember {them}; and when your heart becomes tender, do weep and invoke your Lord, the Blessed, the Exalted.”(1)

If the state of weeping did not give the supplicant a helping hand to soften his heart, then he should simulate weeping (tabaki); for it results in weeping, and weeping, in turn, results in the softening of the heart, which subsequently opens up the heart onto Allah.

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Sa’d bin Yasar reports, “I said to Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), ‘I {only} simulate weeping when I supplicate, I cannot weep.’ He said, ‘Yes {there is no objection in it.}’”(1)

Abu Hamzah ath-Thumali narrates that Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) once said to Abu Basir, “If you feared the occurrence of something or you had a wish, then begin by glorifying Allah and praise Him as is worthy of Him. Thereafter, send blessings on the Holy Prophet (S) and pray for your need; and try to weep…my father used to say, ‘A servant is in the nearmost position to {his} Lord, the All-mighty, the Majestic, when he is prostrating (sajid) and weeping.’”(2)

Among the formulas of remembrance (dhikr) of Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) in prostration was, “My lowly face has prostrated before Your Mighty face; my perishing face has prostrated before Your Eternal and Everlasting face; my needy face has prostrated before Your Self-sufficient face. My face, hearing, sight, flesh, blood, skin, bones, and what the earth has borne of me, have {all} prostrated before Allah, Lord of the worlds.”(3)

The Holy Prophet (S) is narrated to have said, “Make yourself known to Allah during ease, He will know you in adversity.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Whoever takes precedence in invoking {Allah}, he will be answered when a calamity befalls {him} and it will be said, ‘{This is} a voice known {to us}’, and he will not be obscured from the skies. {But} he who takes no precedence in supplicating will not be answered during affliction, and the angels shall say, ‘We do not recognize this voice.’”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is also reported to have said, “Supplication during ease extract the needs during adversity.”(3)

He (‘a) is also narrated to have said, “Whoever likes to be answered during adversity, should increase supplicating during ease.”(4)

He (‘a) has also said, “My grandfather used to say, “Take precedence in making supplication; for if a servant consistently invokes {Allah} and then an affliction befalls him and he prays {to Allah}, it would be said, ‘{This is} a voice known {to us}. But if he is not consistent in supplicating and a calamity befalls him, it would be said, ‘Where were you before this day?”(5)

The above narrations point to a subtle and profound meaning; for supplication is ‘turning toward Allah’ (iqbal), and the most effective and closer of it to acceptance is the one in which the iqbal is at its climax. So when the state of ‘turning’ is actualized and the heart becomes pure and the supplicant turns to Allah wholly, then there would be no obstacle between the prayer and

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the response. On the contrary, if the state of turning to Allah is poor, the similar would be the response.

The state of turning toward Allah and drawing the attention of the heart to Him can only be acquired through frequent supplication. This is exactly like any other act in human life. Thus, the more frequent one’s invocation, the more easily he would be able to attain the state of iqbal and his heart would yield to him more in being attentive to Allah.

Consequently, when a calamity befalls him and he turns to Allah at that time, his heart would easily and swiftly obey him in turning toward Allah, as his prayer would be nearer to acceptance, and there would be no hindrance between his supplication and the response from Allah.

Fadl bin ‘Abbas says that the Prophet of Allah (S) said to me, “Be mindful of Allah, He will be mindful of you. Be mindful of Allah and you will {always} find Him before you. Make yourself known to Him in ease, He will know you in adversity.”(1)

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) used to say, “I have not seen the like of taking precedence in making supplication; for the response (ijabah) is not within the reach of a person at all times.”(2)

Abu Dharr al-Ghaffari reports that the Holy Prophet (S) said, “O Aba Dharr! Make yourself known to Allah at times of ease, He will know you during adversity. If you ask, ask from Allah, and if you seek help, seek the help of Allah.”(3)

It is narrated that Abu Ja’far al-Baqir (‘a) used to say, “The prayer of a believer in ease (rakha’) ought to be like his prayer

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at times of adversity (shiddah). He should not slack off if he is granted {his request}; so do not get weary of making supplication, for indeed supplication has a great position with Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic.”(1)

‘Umar bin Yazid reports, “I said to Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), ‘A person says: ‘I will sit in my house, I will pray and fast and worship Allah. As for my sustenance, it will come to me.’ He said, ‘This is one of the three people who would not be answered.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) has said, “One who invokes without acting is like he who shoots without a bow.”(2)

He (‘a) is also narrated to have said, “The supplication of three people are rejected; he who sits in his house and says: ‘O my Lord! Give me provision’; for it is said to him, ‘Did I not ordain for you a way to obtain your provision? …”(3)

Hence, if a father was just to pray to Allah for the spiritual well being and guidance of his child without giving importance to his correct up-bringing, then his prayer shall not be answered.

Similarly, if a sick person were to pray for his recovery but without consulting a physician and taking medicine and maintaining the proper diet necessary for his recovery, then the acceptance of such a prayer would be hindered.

The second point is that putting efforts alone does not suffice.

The Holy Prophet (S) has said, ‘{On the Day of Judgement} two people will enter the Heaven, both of whom used to perform the same deeds {in the world}. Upon seeing one above himself, the other will say, ‘O My Lord! Why did You give him {all this} when our deeds were the same?’ Allah, the Exalted, will reply, ‘He asked Me {for it}, but you did not ask Me.’ The Prophet

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then said, ‘Ask Allah for His grace and pray for His bounties in abundance, for nothing equals this in importance.”(1)

The Holy Prophet (S) has also said, “Indeed Allah has servants who do {righteous} deeds, so He gives them {of His mercy}; and there are others who sincerely ask Him, so He grants them. Thereafter, He will gather all of them in the Heaven. So those who performed {good} deeds shall say, ‘Our Lord, You gave us because we acted {righteously}, but why did You give to these {people}?’ He will say, ‘These are my servants. I gave you your reward without wasting anything of your deeds. These people besought Me, hence I gave them and enriched them; this is My grace, I give it to whomsoever I desire.”(2)

Praying for ‘that which is not going to happen’ (ma la yakunu) is to pray for change in the norms of Allah regarding the society, nature or universe.

And asking for ‘that which is illegal’ (ma la yahillu) is opposing the legislative system of Allah in human life.

It is to this regard that Allah, the Exalted, says: “…even if you plead forgiveness for them seventy times, Allah shall never forgive them…”(1)

prayer}, unless he turns away from what I dislike to what I like.”(1)

(tarassul) in asking Allah, the Exalted, and demanding from Him. For the essence and spirit of supplication is constituted by turning toward Allah, beseeching and entreating Him earnestly, and the recitation of the supplications handed down to us from the A’immah (‘a).

The supplicant ought not to lose this state, for it is in the state of consistently praying without constraint (takalluf) that one may experience within himself a turning toward Allah, a sense of humility and a softening of the heart, which he may not experience even while reciting the transmitted supplications.

Hence, it is important for a supplicant to preserve the state of prayer (halat ad-du’a’), because of what it entails of the consistence and ease in being attentive to Allah and imploring Him.

The A’immah (‘a) sometimes used to prefer for a supplicant to supplicate consistently with whatever came into his mind, rather than supplicating with the transmitted prayers, so that the supplication may not become devoid of the consistency and continuity.

Zurarah is reported to have said, “I said to Abu ‘Abdillah (‘a), ‘Teach me a supplication (du’a’). He said, ‘The best of supplications is indeed that which flows on your tongue.’”(1)

This preamble prepares the supplicant to turn to Allah, and to ask and beseech Him.

Praising Allah, thanking Him, seeking forgiveness, and sending blessings on the Prophet (S) and his Progeny have appeared in the beginning of most of the supplications, as they pervade many of them.

‘Ays bin Qasim reports Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) to have said, “If anyone among you sought a need, then let him praise Allah and extol Him… and when you are about to ask for a need, then glorify Allah, the All-mighty, the All-compeller; praise and extol Him saying, ‘O Most Generous of those who give, O Best of those who have been asked from, O Most Merciful of those who were asked for mercy, O One, O All-embracing, O He who neither begat nor was begotten, nor has He any equal, O He who has neither taken any spouse nor son, O He who does whatever He wishes, and consolidates whatever He decrees, and decides whatever He likes, O He who intervenes between a man and his heart, O He who is in the highest position, O He who there is nothing like Him, O All-hearing, All-seeing.’

And remember Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, much by His names, for the names of Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, are many. And send blessings on Muhammad (S) and his Progeny, and say, ‘O Allah, enlarge {my share} from Your lawful (halal) provision so that through which I may hold back my face {from the wrongdoing}, give back the trust with me, maintain good relations with my relatives, and that it should be an aid for me in {performing} hajj and ‘umrah.’

Then he said, ‘A man entered the mosque and performed two units of prayers, and then he {immediately} invoked Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic. So the Messenger of Allah (S) said, ‘The servant hastened {in calling} his Lord’. Another person came {in}, he offered two units of prayers, then he praised Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, and sent salutations on the Prophet

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(S). So the Prophet of Allah (S) said, ‘Ask and you will be granted.’”(1)

Abu Kahmas narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “{One day} a man entered the mosque and began {praying for his need} before praising Allah and sending salutations on the Prophet (S) . So the Prophet (S) said, ‘The servant hastened {in calling} his Lord.’ Then came in another {person}, he offered prayers (salat), praised Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, and sent blessings on the Messenger of Allah (S) . So the Prophet of Allah (S) said, ‘Ask and you shall be granted.’”(2)

Safwan al-Jammal narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “Any supplication by which Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, is called upon is obscured (mahjub) from the heavens until {the supplicant} sends blessings on Muhammad (S) and his Progeny.”(3)

It is also reported from as-Sadiq (‘a), “A prayer remains veiled from the heavens until {the supplicant} sends blessings on Muhammad (S) and his Progeny.”(4)

All-beneficent’. Whichever {of His names} you may invoke, to Him belong the Best Names…”(1)

Each of these Beautiful Names of Allah is a key among the keys of His mercy and grace. There has been great emphasis in the Islamic sources regarding supplicating with the Beautiful Names of Allah. There are numerous traditions that if a believer supplicates Allah with His Beautiful Names ten times, He, the Exalted, would respond to him.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Whoever says ‘O Allah’ ten times, it is said to him, ‘Here I am, what is your need?’”(2)

Abu Basir reports Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) to have said, “If a person says in the state of prostration ‘O Allah, O my Lord, O my Master’ three times, Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, will answer him saying, ‘Here I am My servant! Ask for your need.’”(3)

‘Abdullah bin Ja’far narrates in Qurb al-Isnad from Mas’adah bin Sadaqah who said, “Ja’far {bin Muhammad} told me, ‘{Once} some of the children of my father complained {to him of an affliction}. So when he passed by them, he said, ‘Say ten times ‘O Allah, O Allah’, for none of the believers says this except that the Lord, the Blessed, the Exalted, says: ‘Here I am My servant! Ask for your need.’”(4)

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) is reported to have said, “The Holy Prophet (S) heard a man saying, ‘O Most Merciful of the merciful.’ So he laid his hand on the shoulder of the man and

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said, ‘The Most Merciful has turned to you with His face, ask your need.’”(1)

contrary, if the trust of a person in Allah is weak, then he would naturally desist from supplication and despair if he does not see response to his prayer.

The way persistence in praying to Allah reveals the depth of one’s confidence in Allah, similarly it deepens one’s trust in Allah and consolidates it. Moreover, the proximity of a person to Allah is in accordance with the degree of his confidence in Allah and his attachment to Him.

There has appeared great emphasis in the Islamic traditions about persistence in praying and that one should not despair in any situation.

The Holy Prophet (S) has said, “Indeed Allah loves those who persist (mulihhin) in making supplication.”(1)

He (S) is also reported to have said, “Verily, Allah loves a persistent (lahuh) petitioner.”(2)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Prayer is the shield of a believer. And a door which is frequently knocked at shall be opened for you.”(3)

It is narrated from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “Supplication averts the Divine destiny (qada’) after it has been confirmed. So supplicate frequently; for it is the key of every mercy and the fulfillment of every need. And that which lies with Allah can only be attained through supplication. And there is no door which is frequently knocked at except that it will soon be opened for the one who knocks it.”(4)

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Imam al-Baqir (‘a) says: “Allah dislikes the insistence of people in asking from one another, but He likes to be asked from insistently.”(1)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is reported to have said, “Persist in asking from Him and the doors of mercy shall be opened for you.”(2)

Walid bin ‘Uqbah al-Hijri narrates that he heard Imam al-Baqir (‘a) saying, “By Allah, no believer persists in asking for his need from Allah except that He would grant it to him.”(3)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) narrates from the Holy Prophet (S) that he said, “May Allah have mercy on a person who calls on Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, for a need, and then persists in calling on Him, whether he is answered or not.” Then he recited this verse, “I will supplicate my Lord. Hopefully, I will not be disappointed in supplicating my Lord.”(4)

Imam al-Baqir (‘a) says: “Nay, by Allah, no one persists in asking from Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, except that He would answer him.”(5)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is also narrated to have said, “Ask your need and persist in asking; for indeed Allah loves the persistence of the persistent among His believing servants.”(6)

we will talk on this topic to the extent that it is related to the etiquettes and requisites of supplication.

If a person opens up before Allah to his brothers in faith, and removes from his heart the grudge and hatred which may be existing between them and him, then Allah, the Exalted, will open for him the doors of His mercy.

This is because the opening up of believers to one another, and their consolidating the state of mutual love and sympathy between themselves, is among the keys to Allah’s mercy for the supplicant as well as for the one for whom the supplicant prays for (al-mad’uww lahu).

With regard to the supplicant, Mu‘awiyah bin ‘Ammar reports from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “Praying for your brother in his absence drives sustenance (rizq) to the supplicant and averts calamities from him, and an angel says: ‘And for you is the like of that.’”(1)

The Holy Prophet (S) has said, “Whosoever prays for a believer in his absence, an angel would call out, ‘And for you is the like of that.’”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “The prayer of a person for his brother in his absence increases in sustenance and averts afflictions.”(3)

Ibn Khalid al-Qammat says: “Abu Ja’far al-Baqir (‘a) said, ‘The quickest of the prayer to be answered is the prayer of a brother for his his brother {in faith} in his absence. As he begins

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to pray for his brother, the angel appointed over him says: ‘amin! And for you is twofold of that’”(1)

With regard to the one prayed for (al-mad’uww lahu), it has been narrated that Allah, the Exalted, said to Musa bin ‘Imran, “Call Me with a tongue with which you have not disobeyed Me.” He said, “O my Lord! How is that possible for me?” He replied, “Call Me with the tongue of others.”(2)

Qur’an, at the time of adhan, when it rains, when the two armies meet for martyrdom, and when the oppressed (mazlum) makes supplication, as there is nothing to impede it from {reaching} the throne (‘arsh).”(1)

He (‘a) has also said, “Whoever recites a hundred verses of the Qur’an, any part of the Qur’an he wished, and then says ‘O Allah’ for seven times, then even if he were to pray against a solid rock, he would dislodge it, by the will of Allah.”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “My father used to pray for {his} need at noon (zawal ash-Shams). Whenever he intended do so, he would give charity (sadaqah) and smell a bit of fragrance, then he would go to the mosque and pray for his need in accordance with the will of Allah.”(3)

Allah, the Exalted, says:

“O you wrapped up in your mantle! Stand vigil through the night, except a little, a half, or reduce a little from that, or add to it, and recite the Qur’an in a measured tone. Indeed soon We shall cast on you a weighty word. Indeed the watch of the night is firmer in tread and more upright in respect to speech.”(1)

Mufaddal bin ‘Amru narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “Some of what Allah whispered (naja) to Musa bin ‘Imran (‘a) was, ‘O son of ‘Imran! He who assumes that he loves me but when the night falls he does not think of Me and goes to sleep is a liar. Does not every lover love to be alone with his beloved? Here I am O son of ‘Imran, I am aware of My lovers; when the night covers them their eyes go into their hearts, My punishment is embodied before their eyes, they address Me {as if} they see Me, and they speak to me {as if} they are in My presence. O son of ‘Imran! Give Me humility from your heart, humbleness from your body, and tears from your eyes. Call Me in the darkness {of the night}, for you will indeed find Me Nearmost, Answering.”(2)

There are several places in this text worth pondering on, though we do not intend to discuss them in detail.

1. The night serves as a covering for the friends (awliya’) of Allah and guards them against the discomfort of life and its distractions. It is as if the night pulls him out from the middle of the distractions that occupies him from turning to Allah and attaining detachment from everything other than Him. This is the opportunity of the seclusion (khalwah) at night when the face of Allah (wajh allah) becomes exclusive for man, away

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from all distractions, and he is able to attain in this seclusion the state of total absorption in Allah.

2. The discomfort of the daytime and its numerous distractions diverge our power of sight and hearing. But when the night covers us and we come out of the uneasiness of life, our powers of sight and hearing, which had been diverged during the daytime, once again converge. They shift from exterior to interior, and from the uneasiness of the daytime to inside the heart, the source of light and spiritual insight in man’s life.

It is at their convergence that Allah, the Exalted, opens the doors of light and spiritual insight onto the heart of a person, ‘when the night covers them their eyes go into their hearts’. It is at this moment that one sees himself in the presence of Allah and witnesses the wrath and mercy of Allah before him.

Thus, when he addresses Allah he would address Him as if he sees Him and is in His presence, not from a distance, ‘they address Me {as if} they see Me’. And when he talks to Allah he would talk to Him as if he is in His presence, and not away from Him, ‘and they speak to me {as if} they are in My presence’. And the anger and punishment of Allah would become embodied before him as the phrase goes ‘My punishment is embodied in their eyes’.

Subsequently, the intimacy (uns) with the presence of the beloved, seclusion with Him, and the fear of His punishment seizes from them the comfort of sleep. How can one sleep when he finds himself in the presence of the beloved at the seclusion of the night, whispering and speaking to Him? How can slumber overcome him when he sees the punishment of Allah embodied in front of him? Such a state is a natural outcome of the transformation of the power of sight from exterior to interior.

In his sermon famously known as al-muttaqin (the pious ones), Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “At night they rise on their feet {for prayers}, reading parts of the Qur’an in a measured tone,

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creating through it grief for themselves and taking counsel with it for the cure of their ailments. If they come across a verse which arouses desire {for the Heaven}, they pursue it avidly, and their spirits turn toward it eagerly, and they feel as if it is in front of them.

And when they come across a verse which fills with fear {of the Fire}, they bend the ears of their hearts toward it, and feel as though the sound of Hell and its cries are reaching their ears. They bend themselves from their backs, prostrate on their foreheads, palms, knees and toes, beseeching Allah, the Exalted, to set {them} free {from the Fire}. In the daytime, they are enduring, learned, virtuous and Godwary.”(1)

In another narration, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) said to Nawf al-Bikali about the characteristics of the night, “O Nawf! Prophet Dawud once woke up at such an hour of the night and said: this is indeed the hour in which no one makes supplication but that he will be answered.”(2)

The Holy Prophet (S) says: “In the final hours of the night Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Is there any supplicant whom I may answer? Is there any petitioner so that I may grant his request? Is there anyone to plead for forgiveness so that I may forgive him? Is there any repentent so that I may turn toward him clemently?’”

then he should not withdraw his hand until after he has wiped it on his face and head.”(1)

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What are the obstacles and impediments which prevent a prayer from ascending to Allah? This is the question we will attempt to answer in this part of the book.

Supplication, as they say, is the ascending qur’an (al-qur’an as-Sa’id) vis-à-vis the descending Qur’an (al-qur’an an-nazil) from Allah, the Exalted. The descending Qur’an calls toward the servanthood (‘ubudiyyah) of Allah, turning (iqbal) toward Him, taking shelter (luju’) in Him and attaining total absorption in Him; whilst the ascending qur’an involves a response (talbiyah) to that call. The invitation is from Allah to His servants, while the response is from the servants to Allah.

However, there are a number of obstacles and hindrances which impede a prayer from ascending to Allah. Among the most important of these obstacles is wrongdoing and disobedience to Allah.

A phrase in the supplication of kumayl reads, “O Allah, forgive those of my sins which withhold the prayers.” Again in another phrase it says: “I beseech You -by Your might- that my wrongdoings should not veil my prayer from You.”

In the coming pages we will try to analyse these impediments.

from Him would certainly be accomplished; for He is neither incapable nor miser. But here the supplication lacks the ability to reach Allah.

Therefore, sometimes sins stop a person from supplicating, and at other times they withhold the ascent of a prayer to Allah.

This cursory look at the effect of sins needs more explanation.

heart with it, and We have recited it {to you} in a measured tone.”(1)

The Qur’an descends on the heart at once and sometimes in parts. It strengthens the heart, and the heart acquires from it the Divine light and guidance.

2. “Allah has sent down the best of discourses a scripture composed of similar motifs, whereat quiver the skins of those who fear their Lord, then their skins and hearts soften to Allah’s remembrance…”(2)

According to this verse, the heart receives from the Qur’an that which humbles and softens it. The heart interacts with the guidance of Allah and His light which He has sent to His servants. For the Qur’an is indeed a guidance from Allah, His light, and His proof to His creatures.

3. “O mankind! Certainly a proof has come to you from your Lord, and We have sent down to you a manifest light.”(3)

This guidance and light is specific to the hearts of the believers (mu’minin) and the pious (muttaqin), as they receive it and interact with it.

4. “This is an explanation for mankind, and a guidance and advice for the Godwary.”(4)

5. “… these are insights from your Lord, and a guidance and mercy for a people who have faith.”(5)

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and sound; it receives the Qur’an and gives out the Qur’an, similar to the fertile soil which takes in light, air and water, and gives out good fruits.

Mentioning one of the characteristics of the Qur’an, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “The Book of Allah by which you see, speak and listen.”

If the soundness of the heart is lost, then it would be devoid of the power of receiving the Divine light and of manipulating man’s actions. Hence, it would be unable to receive the descending Qur’an from Allah, thus losing the power of directing man to raise the ascending qur’an toward Allah through maintaining prayer (salat) and supplication. And this is the state of the obscurity of the heart (inghilaq al-qalb). Allah, the Exalted, says:

“Deaf, dumb, and blind; they will not come back {to the right path}”(1)

A deaf and blind person is not able to receive any call or light, and thus he is unable to speak also.

With regard to the Banu Isra’il, Allah says:

“Then your hearts hardened after that, so they are like stones, or even harder…”(2)

Indeed a stone cannot receive any light, air or water, rather it rejects all that comes toward it of these things. Subsequently, it does not give out any fruit. This is in contrary to the fertile soil which produces fruits as a result of what it receives of the light, air and water.

Similarly, this is how the heart becomes if its spiritual soundness is lost. It does not receive any light, nor does it give any, and this is the state of complete obscurity; the state of the dead heart; a state in which the heart has lost all signs of life, for

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the life of the heart depends on what it receives and gives out. So when it is devoid of this feature, it is devoid of life.

Regarding the death of the heart, Allah says:

• “…Indeed Allah makes whomever He wishes to hear, and you cannot make those who are in the graves hear”(1),

• “Indeed you cannot make the dead hear, nor can you make the deaf hear the call…”(2),

• “It is the same to them whether you warn them or do not warn them, they will not have faith.(3)

The flaw is not in the strength of the call or in its delivery; rather, it is in the ability of the dead to hear. This is exactly the state of the obscurity of the heart and its disconnection from Allah, the Exalted.

But what is the reason of this disconnection and obscurity?

2. “And when Our signs are recited to him he turns away disdainfully as if he had not heard them {at all}, as if there were a deafness in his ears.(1)

We notice in this verse a mutual relation between disregard for the signs of Allah and being disdainful of them, and the deafness of the ears.

Regarding the second factor, that is the sins, Allah, the Exalted, says:

“No indeed! Rather their hearts have been sullied by what they have been earning”(2)

This verse clearly implies that the sins committed by a person evolve to become a rust and dirt on the heart, sealing it and cutting it off from Allah.

becomes bigger until it overcomes his heart. {If this happens,} then he would never become victorious after this.”(1)

prayers until the lapse of their {prescribed} time, to neglect attaining proximity to Allah through good deeds and charity, and employing foul and obscene language.”(1)

Imam al-Baqir (‘a) says: “It so happens that a person asks Allah for a need and it is in His power to grant him his need in the near future. But the person commits a sin, so Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, says to the angel, ‘Do not grant his need and deprive him of it, for he has become the subject of My wrath and deserves to be deprived from Me.’”(2)

the way he had told you.’ He said, ‘Indeed!’, and then Mu’adh started weeping.

Then he said, ‘May my father and mother be his ransom, he said {this} to me while I was near him.’ {Mu’adh} said, ‘As we were walking, he raised his eyes toward the skies and said, ‘All praise is due to Allah who decides for His creatures whatever He likes.’ He then called me, ‘O Mu’adh!’, I answered, ‘Yes, O Prophet of Allah and the master of the believers.’ He (S) said, ‘O Mu’adh!’ I replied, ‘Yes, O Messenger of Allah, the leader of the good and the Prophet of mercy.’

He (S) then said, ‘I am telling you something that no prophet has ever told his nation. If you preserve it, your life will be of benefit to you; but if you hear it and do not preserve it, then you will have no excuse before Allah.’

Then he said, ‘Indeed Allah created seven angels before He created the seven heavens (sama’). For each heaven He appointed an angel whom He dignified with His greatness. And He kept at each door, out of the doors of the heavens, an angel as a doorman. The guardian angels record the deeds of His servant from morning until evening, and then they ascend with the deed while it has a light like that of the sun, until when they reach the lower heaven (sama’ ad-dunya) they start praising the deed and amplifying it.

So the {doorman} angel says: ‘Stop! Strike with it the face of the one who performed it. I am the angel of backbiting (ghibah), I do not let the action of one who backbites pass by me to the other {angel}. This is what my Lord has commanded me with.’

The Holy Prophet (S) continued, ‘Then the angels come {again} the next day carrying a good deed with them. They pass by the {first} angel, praising and amplifying the deed until they reach the second heaven. So the angel in the second heaven says: ‘Stop! Strike with it the face of the one who performed it. Indeed he had intended to acquire the world with it. I have been entrusted with the world, I shall not let his deed pass by me to the other {angel}.’

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The Prophet (S) said, ‘Then the angels ascend –with pride- with the deed of a person who is delighted at giving charity and performing prayers. They pass with it until the third heaven when the angel says: ‘Stop! Strike with it the face of the one who performed it. I am the angel of arrogance (kibr).’ The angel would then say, ‘This is the deed with which he displayed pride in front of the people in their sittings. My Lord has ordered me not to let his deed pass by me to the other {angel}.’

The Prophet (S) continued, ‘The guardian angels ascend with the deed of a person while it shines like a brilliant star in the sky, accompanied by the reverberation of {his} tasbih, fasting and hajj. They journey with it to the fourth heaven where the angel says: ‘Stop! Strike with this deed the face and the belly of the one who performed it. I am the angel of self-conceit (‘ujb). He was vain about himself that he has performed a deed, and maintained self-conceit in himself. My Lord has ordered me not to let his action pass by me to the other {angel}.’

The Prophet (S) said, ‘The angels ascend with the deed of a person like a bride being taken to the bridegroom. They pass by the {fourth heaven} to the angel of the fifth heaven with jihad, prayers, {and charity} between two prayers (salatayn), while the deed echoes a sound like that of the camels and has a brilliance like that of the sun.

The angel says: ‘Stop! I am the angel of jealousy (hasad). Strike with it the face of the one who performed it and make him carry it on his shoulder. He used to be jealous of those who were learning or working in the way of Allah; and whenever he used see a merit in the action or worship of someone, he would be envious of him and fall into jealousy.’ So he would carry his deed on his shoulder while it would be cursing him.’

The Prophet (S) continued, ‘The angels ascend with the action of a person, with prayers, zakat, hajj and ‘umrah, and they cross with it to the sixth heaven. {Here} the angel says: ‘Stop! I am the angel of mercy. Strike with it the face of the one who performed

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it, and obscure his eyes because he did not have mercy on anything. When he saw a servant from among the servants of Allah falling into a sin for which he would be punished in the Hereafter, or afflicted with a calamity in this world, he would rejoice! My Lord has commanded me not to let his deed pass by me.’

The Prophet (S) said, ‘The angels ascend with the deed of a person who performed them with endurance, out of knowledge (fiqh) and piety, containing the sound of thunder and light like that of a lightning, while three thousand angels accompany it. They journey with it to the seventh heaven where the angel says: ‘Stop! Strike with it the face of the one who performed it. I am the angel of hijab (barrier). I obstruct any deed which has not been performed for the sake of Allah. {The owner of this deed} intended to acquire status with the rulers, and to be remembered by the people, and to attain fame in the cities. My Lord has instructed me not let his deed pass by me to the other {angel} so long as it is not purely for Allah.’

The Prophet (S) continued, ‘The angels happily ascend with the deed of a person, with prayers, zakat, fasting, hajj, ‘umrah, good conduct, silence and the remembrance of Allah in abundance, escorted by the angels of the heavens and the angels of the seven heavens altogether. They pass by all the obstacles until they stand in the presence of {Allah}, the Glorified. They testify that he was of those who prayed and supplicated. {Here, Allah} says: ‘You are the guardians of the deed of my servant, while I am vigilant of what is in his heart. He did not aim {to reach} Me with this action, and My curse is upon him.’ So the angels say, ‘Upon him is Your and our curse.’”

The narrator says: “Then Mu’adh began weeping. He said, ‘I said, ‘O Prophet of Allah! Which action should I perform and be sincere in it?’ He (S) replied, ‘O Mu’adh! Follow your Prophet in {performing deeds with} certainty (yaqin).’

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Mu’adh says: ‘I said, ‘You are the Messenger of Allah, while I am Mu’adh {i.e. an ordinary person}.’ He (‘a) said, ‘O Mu’adh! If there is any deficiency in your action, then keep your tongue away from your brothers {in faith}, and from the memorizers of the Qur’an. Accept the responsibility of your wrongdoings and do not hold your brothers responsible for them. Do not have high opinion of yourself by censuring your brothers. Do not elevate yourself by putting down your brothers. Do not show off your deeds. Do not enter the Hereafter through this world. Do not use foul language in your sittings such that people become cautious of you because of your ill-nature.

Do not whisper with a {third} person while you are {talking to} someone else. Do not inflate the {mistakes of the} people lest the good of this world is severed from you. Do not tear the people lest the dogs of the dwellers of the hell fire tear you. Allah, the Exalted, says: ‘By those who draw {it} out gently’(1), do you know who are these ‘who draw {it} out gently?’ They are the dogs of the dwellers of the hell fire who grab with the teeth the flesh and the bones.’ I said, ‘Who is able to acquire such characteristics?’ He (S) replied, ‘O Mu’adh! It is easy for whom Allah has made it easy.”

The narrator says: “I did not see Mu’adh reciting the Qur’an much more than repeating this tradition.”(2)

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And I saw a man from my nation lolling out his tongue of thirst, but whenever he arrived at a fountain, he was not given {to drink}. So his fasting (siyam) in the month of Ramadan came to him and gave him a drink and quenched his thirst.

And I saw a man from my nation and the prophets sitting in circles, but whenever he neared a circle, he was driven away. So his bath from janabat came to him, took his hand and seated him beside them.

And I saw a man from my nation before and behind whom there was darkness, on whose right and left there was darkness, and beneath whom there was darkness; he was sunk in darkness, but his hajj and ‘umrah came to him and took him out of the darkness and admitted him into the light.

And I saw a man from my nation {trying} to speak to the believers but they would not speak to him, so his kindness toward womb relatives (silat ar-rahim) came to him and said, ‘O congregation of the believers! Do speak to him as he used to maintain good relations with his womb relatives.’

Thus, the believers spoke to him, shook hands with him, and he remained with them.

And I saw a man from my nation protecting himself from the Fire and its flames with his hands and face, so his charity (sadaqah) came to him and turned to become a shade over his head and a veil on his face.

And I saw a man from my nation whom the keepers of hell had seized from everywhere, but his enjoining good (amr bi al-ma’ruf) and forbidding wrong (nahy ‘an al-munkar) came inbetween and delivered him from them, and put him in the company of the angels of mercy.

And I saw a man from my nation kneeling down while there was barrier between him and the mercy of Allah, but his good conduct (husn al-khulq) came in and took his hand and admitted him into Allah’s mercy.

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And I saw a man from my nation whose record {of deeds} had inclined towards the left (shimal), but his fear (khawf) of Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, reached him, took his record and put it in his right (yamin).

And I saw a man from my nation whose deeds weighed light in the scales, but his giving generously (afratuhu) came to him and made his scales weigh heavy.

And I saw a man from my nation standing on the brink of the Hell, but his hope (raja’) in Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, reached him and rescued him from it.

And I saw a man from my nation who had fallen in the Fire, but his tears out of the fear (khashyah) of Allah came to his aid and took him out from it.

And I saw a man from my nation on the bridge (sirat) wavering like the wavering of a palm tree on a day of tempestuous wind, but his entertaining a good opinion (husn al-zann) of Allah came and his wavering calmed down and he crossed the bridge.

And I saw a man from my nation on the bridge who would sometimes creep, and crawl at times, and get stuck at other times, so his prayers (salat) came and made him stand on his feet, thus he crossed the bridge.

And I saw a man from my nation who had reached the doors of the Heaven but whenever he neared a door it would be closed on him. So the testimony that ‘There is no god but Allah’ which he had uttered out of belief came to him, thus the doors were opened for him and he entered Paradise.(1)

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Since we have been discussing the obstacles and the factors of the ascension of deeds, it would be appropriate as well to talk about the means that we must employ when supplicating Allah, the Exalted.

Allah Himself has invited us to take recourse to Him. He says:

“They {themselves} are the ones who supplicate, seeking a recourse to their Lord…”(1)

He also says:

“O you who have faith! Be wary of Allah, and seek the means of recourse to Him…”(2)

In fact, these means have been ordained by Allah , out of His mercy, for those of His creatures whose deeds and prayers are not strong enough to ascend to Him; as He is the Most Merciful of all merciful.

He, the Exalted, says:

“To Him ascends the good word and He elevates righteous conduct.”(3)

‘A good word’ and ‘righteous conduct’ are part of human life. The ‘good word’ is one’s belief in Allah, his sincerity to Him, his confidence and hope in Him, and his entreating Him. While the ‘righteous conduct’ is the deed which one performs out of belief, sincerity, confidence, and hope in Allah.

The ‘good word’ ascends to Allah as per the assertion of the Qur’an, but it is the ‘righteous deed’ which elevates the ‘good word’ to Allah, as affirmed also by the Qur’an itself. The ‘good word’ cannot ascend to Allah without the ‘righteous deed’. Nevertheless, sometimes the ‘righteous deed’ is weak and ineffective, and so it is unable to elevate the ‘good word’ to

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Allah. Subsequently, the prayer of a person would fail to ascend to Allah, and therefore it would not be answered.

For this reason, Allah, out of His mercy for his creatures, has decreed in human life and kept at his disposal ‘means’ (wasa’il) through which he may seek recourse to Allah and which may assist him to ascend to Him. Were it not for these means, a person would not have been able to raise his prayer and imploration to Allah.

The Qur’an has pointed to these means. Among such means is the prayer of the Holy Prophet (S) and his pleading for forgiveness for his nation (ummah). He, the Exalted, says:

“… Had they, when they wronged themselves, come to you and pleaded Allah for forgiveness, and the Apostle had pleaded for forgiveness for them, they would have surely found Allah all-clement, all-merciful.”(1)

This verse is clear in that the pleading for forgiveness by the Prophet (S) on behalf of the believers is among the ‘means’ which Allah has encouraged His servants to seek recourse to when supplicating Him and seeking His forgiveness.

What has been reported in history of the coming of the believers to the Holy Prophet (S) during his lifetime and his seeking forgiveness for them, applies after his demise also; for the Prophet of Allah (S) is living even after his death and provided for near Allah, the Exalted.

Dawud al-Barqi says: “I used to listen to Abu ‘Abdillah as-Sadiq (‘a), he mostly used to implore Allah for the sake of the Five, that is the Prophet of Allah, Amir al-Mu’minin, Fatimah, al-Hasan, and al-Husayn (peace be upon all of them).”(1)

Sama’ah is reported to have said, “Abu al-Hasan al-Kazim (‘a) said to me, ‘O Sama’ah! If you sought a need from Allah, then say, ‘O Allah, {I beseech You} for the sake of Muhammad and ‘Ali, for they enjoy status and rank with You, and {I implore You} for the sake of that status to bless Muhammad and his Progeny, and do with me such and such.’”(2)

prayer has a fundamental point to convey, and there are other subsidiary points surrounding the main one. It involves a style of beseeching Allah, the Exalted, and a way of commencing it and bringing it to close.

Had the scholars devoted enough academic importance to this issue, they would have come up with positive and remarkable achievements. Anyway, I do not intend to present here the structure of the supplication of kumayl, nor the primary concepts it entails. Rather, I just intend to briefly give an explanation about the general framework of this supplication and the main ideas which have appeared in it, in order for us to consider -through this general frame- the ‘means’ employed by Imam ‘Ali (‘a) in this prayer for seeking his needs from Allah.

pondering over the concepts and ideas that have appeared in it, and also in interacting with them.

I hope Allah, the Exalted, will make this endeavour beneficial and useful for those of the believers who are consistent in reciting this supplication.

Here, we come across two realities. Firstly, there is no escape from Allah, “O Allah, Your power is great, Your position is high, Your deception is hidden, Your command is manifest, Your domination is overwhelming, Your power is prevalent.”

Secondly, there is no refuge with other than Him, “O Allah, I find no one to forgive my sins, no one to conceal my wrongdoings, and no one to change my bad deeds into good except You, there is no god but You.”

In the third section of the preamble, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) mentions the wretchedness and misfortune of man, “O Allah, my tribulation is tremendous, my bad state is excessive, my acts are inadequate, my fetters have tied me down, my far-fetched hopes have held me back from my gain, and this world with its delusions, my own soul with its offences, and my delaying {to act} have deceived me, O my Master.”

This wretchedness and misfortune is undoubtedly the outcome of man’s own deeds. This is why ‘Ali (‘a) beseeches Allah, the Exalted, to forgive him his sins and not to let them impede his prayer from Him, “So I ask You, by Your might, not to let my evil deeds and acts veil my supplication from You, not to disgrace me because of the hidden things You have come to know from my innermost secret, not to hasten in punishing me for what I have done in privacy of my evil acts, wrongdoings, continuous negligence, my ignorance, my manifold passions, and my forgetfulness.”

In the fourth section, he emphasizes on a noble concept which we have just mentioned, and that is, man cannot find shelter during hardships and misfortune with other than his Master, “O Allah, who do I Have other than You, so that I may implore him to remove my affliction and to have regard for my affairs?”

The fifth section of the preamble involves two confessions; confession of wrongdoings, and the confession that man has no

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argument against Allah in transgressing His boundaries, violating His commands, and in following his lowly desires.

In the sixth and the last section of the preamble, after one has confessed his disobedience, sins and wretchedness, and after one has declared that there is no refuge from Allah but with Him, and after one has sought Allah not to punish him on account of his wrongdoings and offences, and, in one word, after displaying his humility and indigence before Allah, the Exalted, the servant declares that he has turned to his master in confession of his sins, regretting them, broken and apologizing, out of knowledge that there is no refuge from his misfortune and hardships except with Allah.

He (‘a) says: “Now I have come to You, O Allah, after my shortcoming and my immoderation toward myself, proffering my excuse, regretful, broken, apologizing, pleading for forgiveness, repenting, acknowledging, submissive and confessing. I find no place to flee from what I have done, nor any place of escape to which I may turn in my affairs, other than Your acceptance of my excuse and Your entering me into the compass of Your mercy.”

With the above phrase, the preamble comes to an end. A servant is now prepared to stand before Allah, to supplicate and entreat Him. He has affirmed all this by the statement ‘Now I have come to You, O Allah.’

The Second Stage is the one in which the Imam (‘a) mentions the means (wasa’il) by which he seeks recourse to Allah. To my knowledge, there are four ‘means’.

The first means is the previous grace and mercy of Allah toward His creatures, and His love for them, “O You who gave rise to my creation, to the remembrance of me, to the nurture of me, to goodness toward me, and to my nourishment, bestow upon me for the sake of Your having given rise {to me} with generosity and Your previous goodness to me.”

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The second means is our love for Him and our confession of His Oneness, “Can You see Yourself tormenting me with Your fire after I have professed Your Unity, and after Your cognition my heart has embraced, Your remembrance my tongue has constantly mentioned, and Your love to which my mind has clung, after the sincerity of my confession and my supplication, humble before Your Lordship?”

The third means is our weakness in resisting the punishment, the thinness of our skins and the frailty of our bones, “You know my weakness before a little of this world’s tribulations and punishments, and before those ordeals which befall its inhabitants, even though it is a tribulation whose stay is short, whose subsistence is but little, and whose period is but fleeting. So how can I endure the tribulations of the next world and the great ordeals that occur within it?... O Allah, my Lord, my Master, my Protector, for which things would I complain to You, and for which of them would I lament and weep; for the pain and severity of the chastisement, or for the length and period of tribulation?”

The fourth means is the seeking of refuge by a slave who has fled from his Master and disobeyed Him, and his asking and calling upon Him for help when he has no way out and does not find any refuge except with his Master.

The Imam (‘a) illustrates this means remarkably with the following words, “So by Your might, my Master and my Protector, I swear sincerely, if You leave me with speech, I will lament to You from the midst of the Fire’s inhabitants with the lamentation of the hopeful; I will cry to You with the cry of those crying for help; I will weep to You with the weeping of the bereft; and I will call upon You, where are You, O Helper of the believers, O Goal of the hopes of {Your} knowers, O Succor of those who seek assistance, O Beloved of the hearts of the sincere, and O Lord of the worlds.”

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By putting forth these four means, the second stage of this prayer comes to the end. The supplicant sought recourse to Allah with these means in order for him to be able to stand before Allah, supplicating and beseeching Him.

Now, let us enter together with ‘Ali (‘a) in the third stage of the prayer. In this final stage, the Imam (‘a) presents his needs to Allah one after another. The needs begin from the low point related to the petitioner and his actions, and end at the climax where the supplicant aspires and craves the infinite mercy of his Master.

At the lowest point, we say, “O Allah, my Master, I beseech You… to forgive me on this night and at this hour every offence I have committed, every sin I have perpetrated, every ugly thing I have concealed…”

At the culmination of the needs, we say, “And make me among the most excellent of Your slaves in share with You, the nearest of them in station to You, and the most elected of them in proximity to You…”

It is worthy of note here that the wishes which the Imam (‘a) presents before Allah through the above phrases can be classified into four kinds:

The first kind is that He may forgive us our sins, not punish us, overlook the offences we have committed, and what we have perpetrated of evil, “…to forgive me on this night and at this hour every offence I have committed, every sin I have perpetrated, every ugly thing I have concealed, every folly I have enacted -whether I have hidden or announced it, whether I have concealed it or manifested it, every evil act which You have commanded the Noble Writers to record, those whom You have appointed to watch over what appears from me, and whom You have made, along with my bodily organs, witness against me.”

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In the second kind, the Imam (‘a) invokes Allah’s mercy in all affairs and in every provision {from Him}. He prays to Allah to increase his share of every good that He sends down, “{And I beseech You} to bestow upon Me an abundant share of every good You send down, goodness You unfold, provision You spread out…”

This prayer is all embracing such that it does not leave out anything of Allah’s mercy.

The third kind which is the longest part of this supplication is the one which attracts the attention of the Imam (‘a) most; that is, his relation with Allah.

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) prays to Allah to make his time filled with His remembrance and connected to His service, and to grant him seriousness in his fear of Him, and to take him closer to Himself and give him a place in His neighbourhood, “I beseech You… to make my times in the night and the day inhabited by Your remembrance, and joined to Your service…

Strengthen my bodily parts in Your service, fortify the instruments of my soul in determination, and bestow upon me earnestness in my fear of You and continuity in my being joined to Your service, so that I may move easily toward You in the battlefields of the foremost, hurry to You among the prominent, desire fervently Your proximity among the fervently desirous, move nearer to You with the nearness of the sincere, fear You with the fear of those who have certitude, and gather with the believers in Your neighbourhood.”

However, it should not go unsaid here that both of the first and the third types of wishes are peculiar to the relation of a servant with Allah. The difference is in that the first type of wishes are negative in nature, that is, a person pleads with Allah to forgive his sins and overlook them; while the third type of wishes are positive, that is, his only concern is to establish his relation with Allah on a firm ground of sincerity, fear, love and yearning for Him.

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In the fourth kind of wishes, the Imam (‘a) asks Allah to keep him away from the deception of the tyrants, their trickery and mischief, to return their trickery to themselves, and to protect him from their oppression and harm, “O Allah, whosoever intends evil for me, desire {it} for him, and whoever deceives me, deceive him... and spare me the evil of my enemies from among the jinn and men.”

This was a quick summary of the structure of this holy supplication. However, there is need for further explanantion and elaboration.

goodness (birr) toward us before we even asked Him for that, and without we deserving this goodness and remembrance from Him. If this is the case, then He is more entitled to do good to us and honour us if we are to pray to Him and ask from Him for all this. And if our wrongdoings and sins obstruct His goodness and mercy, then His love for us would indeed mediate between Him and us, and make us subject to His kindness and mercy.

The second means is our love for Him. In the first means, the Imam (‘a) sought recourse to Allah with His love for us, and thereafter seeks recourse to Him with our love for Him. And this is as effective a means as His love for us. This is because the element of love has a great value that nothing can equal it in the eyes of the beloved. However much we may doubt in our love for something, we cannot doubt in our love for Allah and His friends (awliya’). Love is a commodity which Allah, the Exalted, never rejects.). Love is a commodity which Allah, the Exalted, never rejects.

Parallel to this means is our profession of His Oneness, our humility before Him, our prayers, our prostrations, our remembrance of Him, and our testimony that He is our Lord (rabb) and we are His servants. However, all these can be summarized in two things, our love for Him and our profession of His Oneness (tawhid). And we are confident that ‘love’ and ‘Oneness’ are two commodities that would never be rejected by Allah; the two things we can never doubt even for a moment.

Seeking recourse to Allah with this means, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Can You see Yourself tormenting me with Your fire after I have professed Your Unity, and after Your knowledge my heart has embraced, Your remembrance my tongue has constantly mentioned, Your love to which my mind has clung? And after the sincerity of my confession and my supplication, humble before Your Lordship?”

As a comment on these phrases, I recall a story. It is said that after Allah granted him kingdom and power over Egypt, one day Prophet Yusuf (‘a) was viewing the city from the balcony

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of his palace. With him in the balcony was a righteous servant of Allah whom He had bestowed with knowledge and light. A young man happened to pass under the balcony, so that righteous man said to Prophet Yusuf (‘a), “Do you know this young man?” “No”, he answered. The righteous man said, “This is the infant who testified to your innocence the day you were accused by the King’s wife. ‘A witness of her own household testified, ‘If his shirt is torn from the front, she tells the truth and he lies. But if his shirt is torn from behind, then she lies and he tells the truth.’(1)

That suckling infant who bore witness in the cradle in favour of you has {now} grown up to become a young man; here he is.”

So Prophet Yusuf (‘a) called him and seated him beside him. He acclaimed him and bestowed a robe of honour upon him, whilst the pious servant looked in amazement at what Prophet Yusuf (‘a) was doing.

“Are you astonished at what I have done with this young man?” asked Prophet Yusuf (‘a). The pious man said, “No. But this young man did not do anything except that he testified to your innocence. And it was Allah who made him to speak, so he does not deserve any credit for it. But in spite of this, you gave him such respect and bestowed a robe of honour upon him.”

The moral of the story is that if Prophet Yusuf (‘a) held that young man in great esteem just because he testified to his innocence, then how can Allah burn the face of a servant who used to prolong his prostrations before Him, or burn the heart of a servant after it is filled with His love, or burn a tongue which frequently remembered Him, testified to His Oneness, and denied partners to Him.

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In this regard, the Imam (‘a) says: “Would that I knew, my Master, my Lord and my Protector, are You going to inflict Fire over faces that fell down in prostration before Your greatness, or over tongues voicing sincerely the profession of Your Oneness and thanking You in praise, hearts acknowledging Your Divinity through verification, or over minds encompassing knowledge of You until they have become humble, and upon the bodily members speeding to the places of Your worship in obedience and beckoning for Your forgiveness in submission. Such opinion is not held of You! Nor has such been reported about You, thanks to Your grace, O All-generous.”

The third means is our weakness to bear the torment, the delicacy of our skin, the frailty of our bones, and our little endurance and patience; for weakness (da’f) is an effective means to seek recourse with to the Strong (qawiyy), as in every weakness there is something which attracts the Strong, His affection and mercy.

There is some secret in ‘weakness’ that it always seeks the strong, as there is something in ‘power’ that it always searches for the weak. Each of them is in pursuit of the other. In its weakness, a suckling infant searches for the affection of the mother, just as the the sympathy of the mother seeks the weakness and feebleness of the baby.

In fact, there is no weapon more effective on the Strong than weeping and {entertaining} hope in His mercy. This is the means and weapon of the weak.

‘Amir al-Mu’minin (‘a) says in this supplication, “O He whose name is a remedy {for all illnesses}, and whose remembrance is a cure… have mercy upon him whose only capital is hope, and whose only weapon is lamentation.”

The hope that a needy entertains of the rich is his asset. The tears of the weak before the strong are his weapon. Whoever does not understand the norms (sunan) of Allah, the Exalted, in

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the universe with regard to the relation of a weak to the strong and vice versa, cannot comprehend the touching phrases in the speech of the Imam (‘a).

In another whispered prayer (munajat) of his, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “You are the Strong and I the weak! Has anyone mercy on the weak but the Strong?”

Now, in the supplication of kumayl, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is seeking recourse to Allah with the weakness (da’f) of the servant, lack of his means, quick fading of his patience and forebearance, thinness of his skin, and the frailty of his bones. He says: “O my Lord, have mercy on the weakness of my body, the thinness of my skin, and the frailty of my bones…”

Our state in this world is such that if a thorn pricks us, or a burning coal touches us, or a little illness befalls us, then it strips us of sleep, comfort and tranquility. This is bearing in mind that these afflictions are insignificant and their period is normally short, they are meant for testing the mankind, and, above all, they are a mercy from Allah. So what shall be our condition if we are to be driven to the severe torment when it will be said to the angels of punishment, “Seize him, and fetter him. Then put him into hell. Then, in a chain whose length is seventy cubits, bind him.”(1)

The Imam (‘a) says: “You know my weakness before a little of this world’s tribulations and punishments, and before those ordeals which befall its inhabitants, even though it is a tribulation and ordeal whose stay is short, whose subsistence is but little, and whose period is but fleeting. So how can I endure the tribulations of the next world and the great ordeals that occur within it? For it is a tribulation whose period is long, whose station endures, and whose sufferers are given no respite,

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since it only occurs as a result of Your wrath, Your vengeance and Your anger, and these cannot be withstood by the heavens and the earth. O my Master, so what about me?! For I am Your weak, lowly, base, wretched, and miserable slave. O Allah, my Lord, my Master, and my Protector.”

The fourth means with which the Imam (‘a) seeks recourse to Allah in this supplication is the desperate need (idtirar) of the servant to Allah. This is an effective means to someone before whom one presents his neediness, and does not find any other person to fulfill his wish but him.

By ‘desperate need’, I mean a state in which a servant does not find anyone else to fulfill his need apart from Allah, the Exalted, and does not have any place of refuge except with Allah; the situation in which one takes flight from Allah, but does not find any shelter to seek protection with except Him, the Exalted. Such a scene is among the most effective in attracting Allah’s mercy and clemency.

In her little world, a baby does not see any protector, supporter, or one who can fulfill her needs other than her father and mother. Thus, she develops intimacy with them, and finds with them -within her little horizon- all her wishes, and what she needs of mercy, benevolence and sympathy.

Subsequently, whenever something befalls her, or she becomes afflicted by a calamity, or she becomes afraid of something, she immediately takes refuge with her parents and finds security and mercy with them.

Moreover, if she has done something because of which she deserves to be punished by her parents, and she fears them for herself, then she would turn to her right and left looking for refuge. But when she finds no one to give her protection, then she turns to her parents throwing herself into their arms, asking for their help, at a time when they are intending to punish her.

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This scene is among those which, most of the time, brings about the sympathy of her parents, and earns her their love and affection.

Now, in this prayer, the Imam (‘a) points to such a concept. Indeed he had learned to take refuge with Allah in everything such that if any affliction or calamity were to befall him, he would turn to Allah and would not find anyone to fulfill his need but Him.

In such a situation, he also sees a servant of Allah to be subject to the wrath of Allah and his punishment, the very One whose mercy and protection he hopes for. Here, he finds no refuge but with Him, no where to escape but to Him, and no protector other than Him.

So, while the angels of punishment drive him to the hell fire, he screams to Him, the Exalted, seeking security from Him, taking refuge from His anger with His mercy, asking and crying for His help, just like a child who has been subject to the wrath of her parents and does not flee from them except to them and finds no one to protect her except them.

Now, let us listen to the Imam’s lucid and sensitive words which express the spirit of tawhid and prayer, “So by Your Might, my Master and my Protector, I swear sincerely, if You leave me with speech, I will lament to You from the midst of the Fire’s inhabitants with the lamentation of the hopeful, I will cry to You with the cry of those crying for help, I will weep to You with the weeping of the bereft, and I will call on You: where are You, O Sponsor of the believers, O Goal of the hopes of Your knowers, O Aid of those who seek assistance, O Friend of the hearts of the sincere, and O Lord of the worlds.”

This was the first aspect of the issue. The second aspect is similar to the first one in being clear and evident with regard to the relation of Allah with His servant. The first aspect can be summed up in the relation of a servant with Allah, by his being

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in need of Him and taking refuge with Him, whilst the other aspect of the issue is denoted by the relation of a servant with Allah in that he seeks protection in His security, asks for His help and cries for His mercy and grace whilst he is exposed to the punishment of Allah.

Is it then possible that Allah, the Most Merciful of all merciful, hears the cry for help of a servant whose ignorance and heedlessness has driven him to the fire of hell, whilst he asks and laments for His help, calls on Him with the tongue of those who profess His Unity and beseeches Him for delivery from the Fire… but He leaves Him in the torment to be burnt by its flames, encompassed by its groaning, convulsed among its levels, and to be tortured by its keepers, while He, the Exalted, is aware of the sincerity of his love for Him, his profession of His Oneness, his taking refuge with Him, and his neediness to Him?

Listen to these words, “Can You see Yourself -glory be to You O Allah, and Your’s is the praise- hearing from within the Fire the voice of a slave surrendered to You, imprisoned there because of his violations, suffering the pangs of its torment because of his disobedience, and confined within its levels because of his sin and crime, while he laments before You with the lament of one hopeful of Your mercy, calls upon You with the tongue of those who profess Your Oneness, and entreats You by Your Lordship?

O my Protector, so how should he remain in the chastisement while he has hope for Your previous clemency? Or how should the Fire cause him pain while he expects Your bounty and mercy? Or how should its flames burn him while You hear his voice and see his place? Or how should its groaning encompass him while You know his weakness? Or how should he be convulsed among its levels while You know his sincerity?

Or how should its keepers torture him while he calls out to You, “O Lord”? Or how should he have hope of Your bounty in freeing him from it while You abandon him within it? Far be it from You! That is not what is expected of

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You, nor what is well-known of Your bounty, nor is it similar to the goodness and kindness You have shown to those who professed Your Oneness.”

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The following two questions hold utmost importance as far as the supplication is concerned. What should we pray for to Allah in our supplication? And what we should not ask from Allah in our supplication?

communication between the Muslims and the Guardians of their affairs, and as a means of their holding fast to the rope of Guardianship (wala’) which Allah has made a protection for the Muslims.

Now, salawat is one of the significant ways of establishing this spiritual connection; for the links (halaqat) of Guardianship are extended between Allah and His servants, and the Guardianship of the Holy Prophet (S) and his Progeny (‘a) is among the most important of these links.

The Guardianship (wala’) of the Holy Prophet (S) is in extension to the Guardianship of Allah, the Exalted, whilst the Guardianship of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) is in extension to that of the Holy Prophet (S) . To consolidate and deepen one’s relation with this Guardianship is to strengthen and deepen the bond with the Guardianship of Allah. This on its own is a wide doorway of knowledge (ma’rifah) which we can neither discuss it here briefly, nor talk about it in detail as worthy of it. Perhaps Allah will grant me the success (tawfiq) in future to talk on this important and crucial point in the Islamic culture and in the establishment of the Islamic nation.

There is great emphasis in the Islamic narrations on invoking blessings on the Prophet (S) and his Progeny (‘a). In the following lines, we will cite some Islamic texts related to this topic. The most significant of these texts is the Book of Allah. He, the Exalted, says: “Indeed Allah and His angels bless the Prophet. O You who have faith! Invoke blessings on him and invoke peace upon him in a worthy manner.”(1)

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said, “Invoking blessings on me is a light on the bridge (sirat).”(2)

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Again he (S) has said, “The most stingy of the people is he who when I am mentioned before him does not invoke blessings on me.”(1)

‘Abdullah bin Na’im says: “I said to Abu ‘Abdillah as-Sadiq (‘a), ‘I entered the sacred House (al-bayt), but no prayer came to my mind except invoking blessings on Muhammad and his Progeny.’ He said, ‘Indeed no one has come out {of the House} with something better than what you have come out with.”

Imam al-Baqir and as-Sadiq (‘a) are narrated to have said, “The weightiest of the things to be placed on the scale (mizan) on the Day of Judgement is the blessings on Muhammad and his Progeny.”(2)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says in Nahj al-Balaghah, “If you had a need from Allah, the Glorious, then begin with sending blessings on His Prophet (S) , then ask your need; for Allah is more generous than to accept one of the two requests made to Him and deny the other.”(3)

Praying for the prophets, messengers and their successors (awsiya’) carries the same effect. Peace and blessings on the prophets and their successors have appeared in the Islamic sources generally, as they have appeared in particular and with names in many Transmitted Prayers (al-ad’iyat al-ma’thurah) from the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a). Among these prayers is the one which has appeared in the a’mal of umm dawud during the bright nights (al-ayyam al-bid) of the month of Rajab. This supplication has reached us from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a).

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Household connects a believer to the rope of Guardianship (wala’) sent down by Allah.

This relation which a prayer establishes between an individual and the nation, on the one hand, and on the other hand, between an individual and the rest of the people with whom he interacts and is in contact with in one way or the other, is among the best kinds of relation. This is because such a relation comes into existence in the presence of Allah, the Exalted, and is in extension to the relation with Allah, and no one other than Him can comprehend it, as it is also a response from the servant to the call of Allah, the Exalted.

Praying for the believers can be of two kinds; a general prayer without taking names, and a specific prayer by taking names. We will have a look at both kinds, by the will of Allah.

There has appeared enormous emphasis in the Islamic narrations on this kind of supplication. According to a tradition, Allah, the Exalted, rewards a petitioner who makes such a prayer with good deeds (hasanat) according to the number of believers his prayer has included. Also, every believer that this prayer has encompassed shall intercede with Allah on his behalf on the Day of Judgement, when He, the Exalted, will allow the righteous among the believers to intercede on behalf of the wrongdoers among them.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “The Holy Prophet (S) has said, ‘There is no believer who prays for the believing men and women except that Allah will give him in return the like of that which he had prayed for them, on behalf of every believing man and woman who has passed since the beginning of the world and who is going to come until the Day of Judgement. And it will so happen that on the Day of Judgement a person shall be ordered to be taken to the hell fire, but then he will be taken away {from it, as} the believing men and women would say, ‘O Lord, this is the man who used to pray for us. Accept our intercession on his behalf.’ So Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, will accept their intercession, and hence he will be delivered.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) is related to have said, “Whoever says ‘O Allah, forgive the believing men and women, and the Muslim men and women’ twenty five times every day, then Allah shall write good deeds for him, erase his sins and elevate his station, according to the number of every believer who has passed, and

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according to the number of every believing man and woman who is still to come until the Day of Judgement.”(1)

It is narrated from Imam al-Kazim (‘a) that he used to say, “Whosoever prays for the believing men and women, and for the Muslim men and women, Allah will appoint for him on behalf of every believer an angel who shall pray for him.”(2)

Imam ar-Rida (‘a) has said, “There is no believer who prays for the believing men and women, and for the Muslim men and women, the living of them and the dead, except that Allah will write for him good deeds according to the number of every believing man and woman, from the time Allah sent Adam till the time the Hour sets in.”(3)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) reports from his fathers who narrated from the Holy Prophet (S) , “There is no believing man or woman, who has passed away since the beginning of the world or is yet to come until the Day of Judgement, except that they are intercessors for one who says in his prayer ‘O Allah, forgive the believing men and women.’

And it will so happen that on the Day of Judgement a person shall be ordered to be driven to the hell fire, but then he will be taken away {from it, as} the believing men and women shall say, ‘O our Lord, this is the man who used to pray for us, so accept our intercession on his behalf.’ So Allah will accept their intercession, and hence he will be delivered.”(4)

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Imam ar-Rida (‘a) says: “There is no believer who prays for the believing men and women, and for the Muslim men and women, the living of them and the dead, except that Allah will give him in return good deeds on behalf of every believing man and woman, from the time Allah sent Adam till the Hour sets in.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) narrates from his fathers who reported from the Holy prophet (S) , “There is no one who prays for the believing men and women except that Allah will give him in return the like of that which he prayed for them, on behalf of every believing man and woman who has passed away since the beginning of the world or is yet to come until the Day of Judgement. And it will so happen that on the Day of Judgement a person shall be ordered to be driven to the Fire, but then he will be taken away {from it, as} the believing men and women shall say, ‘O our Lord, this is the man who used to pray for us, so accept our intercession on his behalf.’ So Allah will accept their intercession, and hence he will be saved from the Fire.”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) narrates from the Holy Prophet (S) , “If anyone of you were to make a supplication, then let it be all-embracing; for such a supplication is closer to the response.”(3)

He (‘a) has also said, “If a person says ‘O Lord, forgive the believing men and women, and the Muslim men and women, the living of them and the dead’, Allah would return him with {the same} prayer according to the number of people who have passed away and who are yet to come.”(4)

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help from You, protect them from sudden events that come by night and day -except the events which come with good.”(1)

4. Of these all-inclusive prayers is the supplication for the defenders of the frontiers of the Muslim lands, “O Allah, bless Muhammad and his Household, fortify the frontiers of the Muslims through Your might, support their defenders through Your strength, and lavish upon them gifts through Your wealth. O Allah, bless Muhammad and his Household, increase their number, hone their weapons, guard their territory, defend their midst, unite their throng, arrange their affair, send them supplies in a steady string, undertake Yourself to suffice them with provisions, support them with victory, help them with patience, and give them subtlety in guile! O Allah, bless Muhammad and his Household, give them the knowledge of that of which they are ignorant, teach them what they do not know, and show them what they do not see.”(2)

5. Another all-embracing prayer is the supplication for the apostolic strugglers among the Muslims, which is again from Sahifat as-Sajjadiyyah, “O Allah, and if the affair of Islam should worry a Muslim and the alliance of the idolaters' against Islam should grieve him, so that he has the intention to go to war and is about to enter the struggle, but frailty keeps him seated, neediness keeps him waiting, a mishap delays him, or an obstruction prevents him from his wish, write his name among the worshipers, make incumbent for him the reward of the strugglers, and place him among the ranks of the martyrs and the righteous.”(3)

6. Also among these prayers is the one for those who assist the strugglers (mujahidin) behind the frontline, “O Allah, and if a

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Muslim should take the place of a warrior or a soldier in his home, attend to those left behind in his absence, help him with a portion of his property, assist him with equipment, hone him for the struggle, send along with him a supplication for his purpose, or guard his honour in his absence, reward him with the like of his reward measure for measure, like for like.”(1)

2. “My Lord, admit me with a worthy entrance, and bring me out with a worthy departure, and render me a favourable authority from Yourself.”(1)

3. “My Lord, open my breast for me, make my affair easy for me, remove the hitch from my tongue {so that} they may understand my discourse.”(2)

4. “My Lord, do not leave me without an heir, and You are the best of inheritors.”(3)

5. “My Lord, land me with a blessed landing, for You are the best of those who bring ashore.”(4)

6. “My Lord, I seek Your protection from the promptings of devils; and I seek Your protection, my Lord, from their presence near me.”(5)

7. “My Lord, grant me {unerring} judgement, and unite me with the righteous. Confer upon me a worthy repute among the posterity, and make me one of the heirs to the paradise of bliss.”(6)

2. Of these prayers is the prayer of the bearers of the throne (‘arsh) for the believers, “Our Lord, You comprehend all things in mercy and knowledge, so forgive those who repent and follow Your way, and save them from the punishment of hell. Our Lord, admit them into the Gardens of Eden, which You have promised them, along with whoever is righteous among their forebears, their spouses and their descendents. Indeed You are the All-mighty, the All-wise. Save them from the ills; and whomever You save from the ills of that day, You will have had mercy upon him, and that is the great success.”(1)

who were before us. Our Lord, lay not upon us what we have no strength to bear, excuse us and forgive us, and be merciful to us. You are our Master, so help us against the faithless lot.”(1)

6. “Our Lord, do not make our hearts swerve after You have guided us, and bestow Your mercy on us; indeed You are the All-munificent.”(2)

7. “Our Lord, we have indeed heard a summoner calling to faith, declaring, “Have faith in your Lord”, so we believed. Our Lord, forgive us our sins and absolve us of our misdeeds, and make us die with the pious. Our Lord, give us what You have promised us through Your apostles, and do not disgrace us on the Day of Resurrection. Indeed You do not break Your promise.”(3)

8. “Our Lord, pour patience upon us, and grant us to die as Muslims.”(4)

9. “Our Lord, we have believed, so forgive us and have mercy on us, and You are the best of the merciful.”(5)

10. “Our Lord, turn away from us the punishment of hell; indeed its punishment is enduring.”(6)

11. “Our Lord, perfect our light for us, and forgive us; indeed You have power over all things.”(7)

except that the second kind is a prayer of an individual for all, while the third kind is the prayer of all for all.

Both forms share some common characteristics:

1. The ‘one prayed for’ (al-mad‘uww lahu) are ‘all’. The individual does not pray for himself, rather he prays for all. Sometimes, the prayer of an individual for himself is of no benefit, as in the case when the whole community becomes subject to the punishment of Allah including the supplicant himself, even though he might not have committed the sin which others have. Allah, the Exalted, says in this reagrd:

“And beware of a punishment which shall not visit the wrongdoers among you exclusively, and know that Allah is severe in retribution.”(1)

In such a case, the prayer of an individual and his seeking forgiveness for himself will be of no benefit. Here he ought to pray and seek forgiveness for all. Accordingly, if Allah removes the punishment from the rest, it would be removed from him as well:

“Our Lord, remove from us this punishment, indeed we have believed.”(2)

2. The petitioner (ud-Da’i) represents ‘all’ in his prayer. For such a kind of prayer is oftenly made by the phrase ‘Our Lord’, which denotes that a supplicant represents all in praying for all, without him separating himself from those he is praying for, as is the case in the second kind of prayer. Rather, he represents them and prays for them and sees himself amidst those he is praying for.

Such a supplication is the nearmost of supplications to the response (istijabah). For there are three possibilities here, either Allah, the Exalted, would reject it completely, or answer part of

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it and reject part of it, or answer the whole of it. But Allah, the Exalted, is kinder than that He should reject a prayer completely, as discrimination in granting a prayer does not behove the Generous. Therefore, there remains only the third possibility which is granting the prayer in favour of all.

The most beautiful thing in this mode of prayer is that the individual is a messenger to Allah on behalf of all. He represents them and addresses Allah on behalf of ‘all’, saying ‘Our Lord’ (rabbana).

But even more beautiful than this is the fact that each of us grants himself the right to be a messenger to Allah on behalf of others. Thus, each of us is a messenger of the people to Allah in prayer. The way Allah has messengers whom He sends to the people, the people also have messengers who raise their petition and need to their Creator. All the people act as messengers for all, and represent all.

What is amazing of us is our attitude in this world, in the streets and markets, as we put between us obstacles and barriers, and separate ourselves from the others, such that each of us has his limits and rights which he is not willing to give up or compromise on. Each of us represents but his self only, and does not represent others except through official permission. But the moment we elevate ourselves to Allah, the Exalted, through prayers (salat) and supplication, we break all these confines and none of us separates himself from the rest, rather each of us represents all.

Such a kind of representation is indeed the most wonderful and the most beautiful; all representing all in speech, call and prayer before Allah, Lord of the Worlds.

And what is even more beautiful than this is the fact that Allah, the Exalted, accepts such a representation from all on behalf of ‘all’, and does not reject or discard it. Rather, in such a state He

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grants to the call of the supplicant the power of representing the rest.

Hence, when anyone of us says in his prayers (salat) “Guide us on the right path”(1), it is as if all the people have collectively raised this prayer on behalf of all, asking Allah for guidance.

And this suffices to show the value of supplication during such a state; for the supplication of each of us during prayers carries the strength of the ‘supplication of all for all’. At such moments, a prayer is efficient and powerful to the fullest degree to invoke Allah’s mercy.

But even more beautiful than all this is the fact that there are supplications which a Muslim is required to make everyday, several times. Among such prayers is “Guide us on the right path.”

Praying for all has great significance by virtue of the fact that ‘those prayed for’ are the congregation of the believers. And this all-inclusiveness as far as ‘those prayed for’ are concerned provides a prayer with enormous value in the eyes of Allah.

In this mode of prayer, the supplicant does not raise his call to Allah as an individual; rather he is stretching toward Allah the hands of all the believers, their call and cry. He is representing all of them before Allah, while Allah accepts from him such a representation.

On the other hand, the believers themselves have given consent to the representation of each of them on behalf of the other. Therefore, the representation of an individual here is not a mere claim from him before Allah, rather it is a real kind of representation which is accepted by Allah, and also by those whom the individual is representing in prayer. Hence, it is an

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acceptable form of representation approved by the Shari’ah also.

Every prayer in this state holds the strength of a collective prayer. So when any of us prays before Allah and says “Guide us on the right path”, then it is as if this prayer has been raised to Allah by all. This prayer, with such a level of strength and efficiency, is raised daily by every Muslim who stands before Allah in prayers and supplicates for all on behalf of all. Everyday the Muslims raise this cry to Allah tens of times; a cry which has endless strength in invoking Allah’s mercy and affection.

Yet, the most beautiful thing of all is the fact that it is Allah, the Exalted, Himself who has invited us to raise to Him such a cry everyday, tens of times. He is the one who has taught us to ask Him for guidance, and pray for the guidance of all. He is the one who taught us to represent the rest in this prayer, and He is the one who accepts from us our representation of others.

After all this, is it then possible that He would not answer our prayer? Never.

their affairs, and grant their needs, then he would naturally develop liking for them, and that which he used to experience in his heart of jealousy, disliking, and aversion toward them, would disappear.

The prayer in such a state has three different aspects. The first aspect is that it connects the supplicant to Allah, the Exalted. The second aspect is that it ties him to the whole of the Muslim nation on the face of the earth and throughout history. The third aspect is that it links him with his brothers, associates and relatives, which indeed constitutes a wide arena of man’s life.

The Islamic sources have given utmost importance to this form of prayer. Here, we will mention some of these narrations which have appeared in the works of ahadith.

As-Sakuni relates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) and he from the Holy Prophet (S) , “There is nothing faster in obtaining the response (ijabah) than the the prayer of an absent (gha’ib) for the absent.”(1)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) narrates from his fathers and they from the Holy Prophet (S) , “O ‘Ali! The prayer of four people is not rejected; a just ruler, {the prayer of} a father for his son, the prayer of a person for his brother in his absence, and {the prayer of} the oppressed, {about whom} Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘By My might and majesty, I will come to your aid even after a while.’”(2)

The Holy Prophet (S) says: “Whosoever prays for a believer in his absence, the angel says: ‘And for you is the like of that.’”(3)

Hamran bin A’yan reports, “I went to see Imam al-Baqir (‘a) and said to him, ‘Advise me.’ He said, ‘I advise you to be God-conscious; and beware of joking {idly}, for it takes away the reverence (haybah) and dignity of a person. And you should pray (du’a’) for your brothers {in faith} in their absence, for this showers sustenance (rizq)’, and he repeated this three times.”(4)

Mu’awiyah bin ‘Ammar narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “Praying for your brother in his absence drives sustenance

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toward the supplicant and averts calamities from him, and the angel says: ‘And for you is the like of that.’”(1)

for him, and has praised you double the amount you praised him; and you have a higher degree (al-fadl) than him.”(1)

Yunus bin ‘Abd ar-rahman narrates that ‘Abdullah bin Jundab heard Abu al-Hasan al-Kazim (‘a) saying, “One who prays for his brother in faith in his absence is called from the corner of the heavens, ‘For each one {of that which you prayed for your brother} you shall have a hundred.’”(2)

Ibn Abi ‘Umayr relates from Zayd an-Narsi, “I was with Mu’awiyah bin Wahab in the desert of ‘Arafah while he was supplicating. So I followed his prayer but I did not find him praying for himself even a single letter. I rather found him praying for people in the remotest parts of the earth; he named them and their parents until the people started moving.

I said to him, ‘O uncle, I have seen something astonishing.’ ‘What has amazed you of what you have seen’, asked Mu’awiyah. I said, ‘Your giving preference to your brothers over yourself in such a {holy} place, and your naming them person by person.’ He said to me, ‘Do not be surprised of this, my nephew; for I have heard my master… saying, ‘Whoever prays for his brother in his absence, an angel from the lower heaven calls him saying, ‘O servant of Allah, you have a hundred thousand of what you have prayed {for your brother}…”(3)

Imam Husayn bin ‘Ali (‘a) narrates from his brother al-Hasan (‘a), “I saw my mother, Fatimah, standing in her prayer niche on Thursday night. She remained in the position of bowing (ruku’) and prostration (sujud) till dawn. I heard her praying for the believing men and women by their names. She would

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copiously pray for them without praying for herself even a little. So I said to her, ‘O mother, why do not you pray for yourself the way you are praying for others?’ She replied, ‘My son, the neighbour {comes first}, then the family members (ad-dar).”(1)

Abu Natanah relates from ‘Ali who reported from his father, “I saw ‘Abdullah bin Jundab in the desert of ‘arafah, and I did not see a position (mawqif) better than the one he was in. He was stretching his hands toward the sky while tears flowed down his cheeks to the ground. After the people left, I said to him, ‘O Aba Muhammad, I have not seen a position better than yours.’

He replied, ‘By Allah, I did not pray except for my brothers, this is because Abu al-Hasan Musa bin Ja’far informed me that whoever prays for his brothers in their absence, he is called from the Throne (‘arsh), ‘And for you is a hundred thousand times more.’ So I disliked leaving a hundred thousand-fold which is guaranteed for one which I do not know whether it will be answered or not.”(2)

‘Abdullah bin Sinan is narrated to have said, “I passed by ‘Abdullah bin Jundab and saw him offering prayers at safa. He was an old man and I saw him praying as he said, ‘O Allah! So and so son of so and so; O Allah! So and so son of so and so; O Allah, so and so son of so and so…’ to the extent that I could not count them because of their great number. After he finished his prayers, I said to him, ‘O ‘Abdallah, I have never seen a position better than yours! But I disliked a quality in you.’ He said, ‘What is it that you disliked in me?’

I said, ‘You pray for many of your brethren {in faith} but I have not heard you praying for yourself for anything.’ He said to me, ‘O Abdallah, I have heard our master as-Sadiq (‘a) saying, ‘Whoever prays

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for his brother in faith in his absence, he will be called from the heavens, ‘O so and so, you will have what you have prayed for your brother a hundred thousand times more. So I did not like to leave a hundred thousand-fold which has been guaranteed for one which I do not know whether it will be accepted or not.”(1)

Abu ‘Umayr narrated from some of his associates, “When ‘Isa bin A’yan used to go for hajj and then go to ‘arafah, he would start praying for his brothers until people left {‘arafah}. So he was asked, “You spend your money and exhaust your body, but when you reach the place where the needs are presented before Allah, you start praying for your brethren and forsake yourself!” He replied, “I am confident of the {acceptance of the} prayer of the angel on my behalf, while I doubt in the prayer for myself.”(2)

Ibrahim bin Abi al-Bilad (or ‘Abdullah bin Jundab) relates, “I was in ‘arafah, and as I was coming out I met Ibrahim bin Shu’ayb and so I greeted him. One of his eyes was injured, while his other eye had turned red as if it was a clot of blood. So I said to him, ‘One of your eyes is already afflicted, I fear for you the other one; reduce weeping a little.’ He said, ‘Nay by Allah! O Aba Muhammad, I have not prayed for myself today even by a single supplication.’ So I said, ‘Then who did you pray for?’ He replied, ‘I prayed for my brothers; I have heard Abu ‘Abdillah {as-Sadiq} saying, ‘Whosoever prays for his brother in his absence, Allah appoints an angel over him who says {to him}, ‘And for you is double {of that}.’ So I wanted to pray for my brothers while the angel should pray for me; for I doubt in the {acceptance of the} prayer for myself whereas I do not doubt in the prayer of the angel on my behalf.”(3)

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my night, and in each of the hours of my day.

O Allah, bless Muhammad and his Household, forgive me thorugh my supplication for my parents, forgive them through their devotion toward me with unfailing forgiveness, be well pleased with them through my intercession for them with resolute good pleasure, and make them reach through Your generosity the abodes of safety.

O Allah, if Your forgiveness reaches them first, make them my intercessors, and if Your forgiveness reaches me first, make me their intercessor, so that we may gather together through Your gentleness in the house of Your generosity and the place of Your forgiveness and mercy.”

According to a Divine Narration, “Even if the first and the last of you, and the living and the dead of you, were to gather and each of them were to ask whatever he wished and I were to grant his wish, {still} My kingdom would not diminish.”(1)

Again according to a Divine Narration related by the Holy Prophet (S) , “Even if the inhabitants of the seven heavens and the earths were to ask me altogether and I were to grant each of them his wish, yet this would not diminish My dominion; and how can a kingdom whose custodian is Me diminish?”(2)

The Holy Prophet (S) is also narrated to have said, “Ask Allah and ask copiously, for nothing is difficult for Him.”(3)

According to a narration, “Do not regard that which you ask {from Allah} as too much; for what lies with Allah is even greater.”

The prayers that have reached us from the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) entail many instances of generalization in prayer, in asking for every good and seeking protection from every evil. Some of them are as follows:

1. A prayer recommended to be recited after the obligatory prayers during the holy month of Rajab, “O He who gives a lot in exchange for a little, O He who gives to one who asks Him, O He who gives to one who does not ask him and does not know Him, out of His affection and mercy.

Give me, because of my request to You, all the good of this world and all the good of the Hereafter, and keep away from me, because of my request to You, all the evil of this world and the evil of the Hereafter, for indeed it is not diminishing what is given by You, and increase me from Your bounty, O the Generous.”

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2. According to a supplication, “O Allah, I ask from You the keys and the seal of the good, its abundance, benefits and blessings; and {I ask You} that which I comprehend in knowledge, and that which my memory cannot enumerate.”

3. “O He who is near in His highness, O He who is All-attentive in His nearness; bless Muhammad and the Household of Muhammad. O Allah, I beseech You for all the good of my religion, this world and the Hereafter; and I seek refuge with You from all evil.”

4. “…and admit me into every good into which You have admitted Muhammad and his Household; and bring me out of every evil from which You have brought out Muhammad and his Household.”

5. “… and be sufficient for me in what worries me of the affairs of this world and the Hereafter.”

6. “O Allah, do not leave any of my sins unforgiven, nor any grief unremoved, nor any sickness uncured, nor any fault unhidden, nor any provision unincreased, nor any fear unprotected, nor any evil unrepelled, nor any wish –which You are pleased with and which is good for me- unanswered, O Most Merciful of all merciful.”

7. “O He in whose hand are the measures (maqadir) of this world and the Hereafter, and the measures of victory and defeat, and the measures of richness and poverty, and the measures of good and evil, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad; and bless me in my religion which is the criterion of my affairs, and in my world within which lies my sustenance, and in my Hereafter to which is my return; and bless me in all my affairs… I seek refuge with You from the evil of the living and the dead, and I seek refuge with You from the ordeals of this world and the Hereafter.”

8. “I beseech You through the light of Your face by which the heavens have been illuminated, and by which the darkness has

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disappeared, and by which the affairs of the first and the last have been set aright, to bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, and to set aright all my affairs, and never leave me on my own, even for a moment.”

9. The prayer of Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) at dawn, “Be sufficient for me in all {my} worries, and decree for me the best, and bless all my affairs, and grant me all my wishes. O Allah, make easy for me that whose difficulty I fear, for making easy that whose difficulty I fear is easy for You; and smoothen for me that whose roughness I fear, and free me from that whose constraint I fear, and hold back from me that whose grief I fear, and keep away from me that whose tribulation I fear.”

10. A prayer at dawn, “…and grant me an all-embracing and all-inclusive mercy through which I can ask the good of this world and the Hereafter.”

endure unless the servant feels himself in need of Allah in all his affairs and wishes, even for laces of his shoes if they get broken.

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said, “Ask Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, whatever crosses your mind of your needs, even for the lace of {your} shoe; for if He does not make that easy, it would not become easy.”

He (S) is also narrated to have said, “Ask Allah for all your needs, even for a broken lace.”(1)

In another tradition, the Holy Prophet (S) says: “Do not get waried of supplication (du’a’); for none has perished with supplication. Ask Allah even for the lace of your shoe if it gets broken; and ask Allah of His grace, for He loves to be besought.”(2)

Sayf at-Tammar says: “I heard Abu ‘Abdillah {as-Sadiq} saying, ‘Keep on praying (du’a’), for indeed you cannot attain proximity {to Allah} with the like of it. And do not desist from asking for a small {thing} because of it being small, for the one who owns the smaller is the very one who owns the bigger.”(3)

A Divine Narration says: “O Musa! Ask Me whatever you need, even for the fodder of your cattle and the salt of your bread.”(4)

However, there is no need to remind the reader here that this principle of prayer does not mean that a prayer should not be accompanied with action and endeavour. Instead, it implies that firstly a supplicant should not place his confidence and hope in

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his efforts, rather he should maintain hope and confidence in Allah, the Exalted. Secondly, he must not sever his link and connection with Allah, nor should he lose the perception of his neediness toward Him, throughout his activity, action and endeavour.

Hence, the points just mentioned require man to ask Allah for all his needs and affairs, even for the tie of his sandal, the fodder of his cattle, and the salt of his bread.

him saying, ‘There will occur a dissension (fitnah) after me; if it occurs then adhere to ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a).’”(1)

Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali (‘a) says: “When the Holy Prophet (S) used to be asked do to something, if he was willing to do it then he would reply saying ‘Yes.’ But if he was not willing to do it, then he would remain silent, as he would never say ‘no’ to something. One day a Bedouin came to him and asked him for something, but he remained silent. The Bedouin repeated his request, but again he remained silent. He asked him for the third time, yet he remained silent.

Thereafter, he (S) said -as if he was continuing with his speech, ‘What do you want, O bedouin?’ So we said, ‘He is just now going to ask you {a place in} the Heaven.’ The Bedouin said, ‘I ask you to give me a camel, its saddle, and some provision.’ He (S) said, ‘I will give you that.’ Then he {turned toward us and} said, ‘What a difference between the request of the Bedouin and that of an old lady from the Banu Isra’il.’

Then he said, ‘When Musa was commanded to cross the sea and he neared it, the mounts were whipped to cross but they retreated.’ So Musa said, ‘O My Lord, what has happened to me?’ Allah said, ‘O Musa, you are at the grave of Yusuf, carry his bones.’

The grave was as flat as the earth, so he asked his people, ‘Does anyone of you know where is it?’ They said, ‘There is an old woman {with us}, may be she would know.’ So he said to her, ‘Do you know?’ She replied, ‘Yes.’ ‘Show it to us’, said Musa.

She answered, ‘By Allah, I would not unless you grant me what I am going to ask from you.’ He said, ‘You will be granted.’ She said, ‘I want to be with you in the same postion that you will enjoy in the Heaven.’ He said, ‘Ask me for the Heaven {only}.’ ‘Nay by Allah, but that I want to be with you’, she said. So Musa began to deflect her from her wish when Allah revealed to him saying, ‘Grant her request; for she is not going to be contented with less

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than that.’ So he granted her request and she pointed out the grave to him.”(1)

However, this does not mean abstinence from praying to Allah, the Exalted, rather it means relying on the planning (tadbir) of Allah for His servant the way He deems suitable. This is, in fact, a state of relying on Allah in all affairs, and having confidence in the decree of Allah, His wisdom and planning, be it in ease or in difficulty.

In the supplication of ‘arafah, Imam al-Husayn (‘a) says: “O Allah, the difference in Your planning (tadbir) and the quick change in Your decree has prevented Your sevants, who have thorough knowledge of You, from being assured by a blessing, and to despair of You during hardship.”

This is indeed among those subtle concepts that the supplications of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) are replete with. The Imam (‘a) says that those of the servants of Allah who have attained recognition of Him never depend on a bounty, however enormous it might be; as they do not lose hope in Allah during difficulties, however severe it might be. This is after they have comprehended the quick succession and change in His command and decree in relation to His servants. Thus, they are never assured by a blessing or provision, nor do they despair of Allah’s mercy during hardships. In other words, they are, rather, assured of His mercy and do not despair of His grace.

This concept is drawn by the Imam (‘a) directly from the Qur’an:

“So that you may not grieve for what escapes you, not exult for what comes your way.”(1)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) used to say, “The whole of zuhd {abstinence from worldly pleasures} has appeared in two phrases (kalimatayn) of the Book of Allah, “So that you may not grieve for what escapes you, not exult for what comes your way.”

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When Allah, the Exalted, grants His servant with confidence in His destiny and decree, and with reliance on Him, then such a person will constanly be assured of the decree of Allah, in ease and hardship; he would neither be assured of the blessings at his disposal, nor would he despair in times of difficulty.

There has been enormous emphasis on this concept in different supplications. A phrase in the Ziyarat famously known as aminullah reads, “O Allah, let my soul be calm with Your decree, pleased with Your decision, fond of Your remembrance and of calling You, patient at the time of misfortune, and grateful for Your abundant bounties.”

In one of his supplications, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says: “Inspire us to yield to that which You bring upon us by Your will, lest we love the delay of what You have hastened and the hastening of what You have delayed, dislike what You love, and choose what You dislike.”(1)

In another place he (‘a) says: “…delight my soul through Your decree, expand my breast through the instances of Your decision, give to me a trust through which I may admit that Your decree runs only to the best.”(2)

In the supplication of as-Sabah, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “O Allah, here are the reins of my soul; I have tied them to the cord of Your Will.”

(qurb), arriving (wusul) at Him, His love (hubb), intimacy (uns) with Him and yearning (shawq) for Him.

In one of her supplications, Lady Fatimah (‘a) used to beseech Allah to give her, before her death, a glad tiding from Himself, not from other than Him; a glad tiding which would delight her heart and make her happy. She would pray, “A glad tiding from You, not from other than You, {a glad tiding} which would delight my heart, please my soul, comfort me, brighten my face with joy… assure my heart, and by which my whole body would rejoice.”(1)

Imam al-Husayn (‘a) says in the supplication of ‘arafah, “I beseech from You to reach You.”

In the supplication of as-Sabah, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “You are the climax of my wish and aspiration.”

In the whispered prayer of al-muhibbin (the Lovers), of the fifteen whispered prayers of Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a), he says: “O Allah, who can have tasted the sweetness of Your love, then wanted another in place of You? Who can have become intimate with Your nearness, then sought removal from You?”

In the munajat of al-muridin (the devotees), he (‘a) says: “O Allah, make us travel on the roads that arrive at You, and set us into motion on the paths nearest to reaching You.”

Again, in the munajat of al-mutawassilin (those asking for mediation), he (‘a) says: “… and place me among Your selected friends, those… whose eyes You have gladdened through looking at You on the day of meeting You.”

A phrase in the supplication of ‘arafah reads, “… and seek me until I reach You.”

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Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says in the supplication of kumayl, “And I seek intercession from You with Yourself… and bestow upon me earnestness in my fear of You, and continuity in my being joined to Your service until… I move near to You with the nearest of the sincere… and gather in Your vicinity with the believers.”

Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in munajat al-muhibbin (the lovers), “O Allah, place us with him… whose heart You have captivated with Your will, whom You have picked for contemplating You, whose look You have made empty for You, whose breast You have freed for Your love, whom You have made desirous of what is with You… and from whom You have cut off all things which cut him off from You.”

have no knowledge. If You do not forgive me and have mercy upon me, I shall be among the losers.’”(1)

Prophet Nuh (‘a) had the right to ask Allah for the salvation of those who were among his family members. But he had no right to ask for the deliverance of those who were not considered to be among his family, among them being his son who was, in reality, not of his family. This was the judgement of Allah, and hence Nuh (‘a) had no right to beseech Allah against His laws and command.

Now let us see what the answer of Nuh (‘a) was; the answer of a penitent servant who hastens to the pleasure of his Lord, and seeks His protection from asking Him something about which he has no knowledge, and makes his deliverance and success conditional to His mercy and forgiveness.

Understanding the norms (sunan) of Allah is indeed among the necessary requirements for making supplication. The function of prayer is not to break these norms and violate them, rather its function is to direct a person to invoke Allah within the framework His norms and laws.

The norms of Allah are always the manifestation of His ontological will (al-iradat at-Takwiniyyah), whereas the role of supplication is to try to attract the will of Allah, the Exalted, in favour of the supplicant, not to move against it; for Allah, the Exalted, says:

“…and you will never find any revision in Allah’s precedent (sunnah).”(2)

The system prevailing in the universe is the embodiment of Allah’s will (iradah) such that the universe cannot be in order without it. Thus, it is not correct for the supplicant to ask for change in the will of Allah; for prayer is among the doors of

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Allah’s mercy for His servants, and the will of Allah is always in conformity with His mercy.

No norm is different from the other, be it a universal, historical or social norm; for each norm represents His will, and His will is a manifestation of His mercy and wisdom above which there is no mercy and wisdom.

For instance, one of the Divine social norms is that the members in a given society depend on each other in terms of their worldly and religious needs. If this is the case, then it would not be appropriate for the supplicant to beseech Allah to make him independent of others and not to make him in need of them; for such a prayer indeed stands in sharp contrast with the above norm and will of Allah.

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is reported to have said, “{One day} I prayed, ‘O Allah, do not make me in need of anyone of Your creatures.’ So the Prophet of Allah (S) said, ‘O ‘Ali! Never say such; for there is no one except that he is in need of the people.’ So I said, ‘Then what should I say?’ He replied, ‘Say, ‘O Allah, do not make me needy of the wicked among Your creatures.’”(1)

Shu‘ayb narrates that once he told Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “I pray to Allah to make me independent of His creatures. He said, ‘Allah has distributed the provision (rizq) of whoever He wishes in the hands of whoever He wills {among His creatures}. Rather ask Him to make you independent of such a need (hajat) which compels you to be in need of the mean among His creatures.’”(2)

Based on this understanding of prayer, we find that the Islamic texts clearly define the realistic sphere of supplication, taking it out of the unrealistic and imaginary realms. These texts

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emphasise on a very important reality regarding a Muslim’s way of life; the way his efforts and activities ought to be real and far from fantasy, similarly his prayer has to be within the same realistic framework.

It is narrated that on old man from Sham once asked Imam ‘Ali (‘a), “Which of the supplications is the most erroneous?” He (‘a) replied, “Praying for that which cannot happen.”(1)

‘That which cannot occur’ is something which stands outside the framework of the common norms of Allah in human life. Hence, thinking about it and trying to achieve it is being unrealistic.

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) has said, “Whoever asks beyond his capacity (qadr) deserves to be deprived.”(2)

I believe that ‘asking beyond one’s capacity’ means asking for the unrealistic wishes.

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “Do not ask the impossible and the illegal.”(1)

In the supplication of kumayl, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “…and make me the most excellent of Your slaves in share with You, the nearest of them in station to You, and the most elect of them in proximity to You …”

Not only there is no objection in all this, rather Allah, the Exalted, loves such a prayer. But what He does not like is the wish of the servant that He may take away a blessing from others; for when Allah wills to bestow a blessing upon His servant, He does not need to take it away from others and grant it to him.

‘Abd ar-rahman bin Abi Najran says: “One day I asked Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) about the verse ‘Do not covet the advantage which Allah has given some of you over others.’ He said, ‘One should not covet the wife or daughter of other person, rather he should wish the like of it.’”(1)

affairs. I have not seen a more generous master, patient with a wretched slave, than You are with me, my Lord.”

What a supplicant must do in such a condition is that he should pray to Allah and thereafter entrust all his affairs to Him and let Him decide for him what is of advantage to him. And if Allah did not respond to him or there was a delay in the response, then one should not blame Him, the Exalted.

For it is possible that the supplicant may have asked Allah, out of his ignorance, for what is in fact harmful to him, or he may have asked for evil in the same manner as he asks for good and makes haste to acquire it. Allah, the Exalted, says in this regard:

“Man prays for evil as {avidly as} he prays for good, and man is overhasty.”(1)

Among the things that Prophet Salih (‘a) told the people of Thamud was:

“He said, ‘O my people, why do you press for evil sooner than for good.”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) has said, “…and you must know the ways to your salvation, so that you may not ask Allah for that in which lies your destruction, thinking that your salvation is in it. Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Man prays for evil as {avidly as} he prays for good, and man is overhasty.’”(3)

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) is narrated to have said, “None of you should say ‘O Allah, I seek Your protection from the test (fitnah)’, for there is no one except that he is surrounded by tests. So whoever seeks refuge, he should seek it from the misleading (mudillat) tests; for Allah, the Exalted, says: ‘Know that Your possessions and children are only a test.’(1)”(2)

Imam Abu al-Hasan an-Naqi (‘a) narrates from his fathers, “Amir al-Mu’minin {‘Ali} heard a man saying ‘O Allah, I seek refuge with You from the test.’ {So} he remarked, ‘I see you taking refuge from your wealth and children! Allah, the Exalted, says: “Indeed your possessions and children are a trial.”(3) You should say, ‘O Allah, I seek Your protection from the deceptive trials.’”(4)

this, He does not like a believer to wish for the eradication of a blessing from his brother in faith, as we have just seen.

Similarly, Allah, the Exalted, does not like a believer to invoke evil upon his fellow believer, even if he has wronged or hurted him (so long as he is his brother in faith and has not crossed the limits of such a brotherhood by his wrongdoing), nor does He like His servants to speak ill of each other before Him.

In his collection of prayers from tawrat(1), ar-rawandi relates a prayer in which Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, addressed His servant saying, “Whenever you are wronged, you call on Me against a servant among My servants because he wronged you. Then know that another servant of Mine is praying against you {in the similar way} because you have wronged him. If you want, I can answer you as I can answer him against you. And if you want, I can delay in responding to both of you until the Day of Judgement!”(2)

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) has said, “When a man is wronged, and he begins to pray against the one who has wronged him, then Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, says: ‘Here is another one praying against you, as he thinks that you have wronged him. If you wish, I can answer you as I can answer the prayer against you. And if you wish, I can delay in responding to the two of you until My forgiveness embraces you both.”(3)

Hisham bin Salim says: “I heard Abu ‘Abdillah {as-Sadiq} saying, ‘A wronged person (mazlum) may continue to invoke

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evil {upon the one who has wronged him} until he himself becomes a wrongdoer (zalim).”(1)

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says in a narration, “When the angels hear a believer speaking ill of his brother {in faith} and praying against him, they say to him, ‘What a bad brother you are for your brother. Stop, O one whose sins and faults have been concealed, have pity on yourself! And thank Allah who concealed {your sins}. Beware that Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, knows His servant better than you.”(2)

Indeed Allah, the Exalted, is the peace (as-Salam), to Him returns the peace, from Him comes the peace, and His presence is the peace. Therefore, when we stand before Him, the Exalted, with hearts filled with peace, praying for each other, invoking His mercy for each other, and each of us giving preference to the other in attaining the mercy of Allah, we will succeed in attracting Allah’s mercy, and it will embrace all of us together; for the mercy of Allah descends at places of love and peace, and upon the loving hearts of the believers; hearts which are at peace with one another.

Similarly, this would cause the ascension of our hearts, actions, prayers (salat) and supplications to Allah, for it is only the ‘good word’ (al-kalim at-Tayyib) and hearts inhabited by it that ascend to Allah, “To Him ascends the good word, and He elevates righteous conduct.”(3)

But if we were to stand before Allah with conflicting hearts, filled with grudge and animosity, and empty of love and peace; and if we, the believers, were to raise our differences, problems,

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and complains to Allah, and He was to incite some of us against others, then the mercy of Allah, which embraces everything in the universe, would get cut-off from all of us, and our hearts, actions, prayers (salat) and supplications, would not ascend to Allah.

Only those hearts which are filled with love can attract Allah’s mercy, and can avert misfortunes (bala’) and punishment from the believers. As the opposite is also true, for the conflicting hearts of the believers, hearts which are hostile toward one another, hinder Allah’s mercy from them, and cause afflictions and punishment to befall them.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) narrates from his fathers, and they from the Holy Prophet (S) , “When Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, sees the inhabitants of a city to have exceeded the boundaries in wrongdoing, while amidst them are three believers, {then} He, the Majestic, calls out to them, ‘O you who disobey Me, had it not been for the believers who are amidst you, loving each other under the shadow of My majesty, building My land and mosques with their prayers (salatihim), and pleading for forgiveness at dawn out of fear of Me, I would have indeed sent down punishment upon you.”(1)

Jamil bin Darraj narrates from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a), “The love of a person for his brothers {in faith} is a merit for him near Allah. And he whom Allah inspires with the love of his brothers, then he is loved by Allah; and whoever is loved by Allah, He will give him his reward in the full on the Day of Judgement.”(2)

The Holy Prophet (S) has said, “My nation will continue to remain in good (khayr) so long as they love each other, give back the trusts (amanah), and give zakat. And there will come a

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time when their hearts will become malicious, while they will look good in their outward conduct. If Allah were to afflict them with a misfortune, they would invoke Him the invoking of a drowning person, but they would not be answered.”(1)

knows and is heedful of it, the Knower of the secret and what is still more hidden.’”(1)

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(dhikr), neediness to Him (faqr), and holding fast to Him (i‘tisam).

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in a supplication, “O Allah, I ask You to fill my heart with love of You, awe of You, belief in You, faith in You, fear of You, and yearning toward You.”(1)

A harmonious spectrum for establishing a relation with Allah is constituted of these various elements mentioned above. Each of these elements is to be considered a key to a door out of the doors of Allah’s mercy and recognition (ma‘rifah). For instance, beseeching Him for His mercy is the key to His mercy, as pleading for His forgiveness is the key to His forgiveness.

Moreover, each one of these elements is, in itself, to be regarded as a path leading toward Allah. Thus, one’s yearning for Him, love for Him and intimacy with Him, is a path which leads one to Allah. Fear and awe of Him is another path leading to Him. Humility toward Him (khushu’) is yet a third path to Him. Entertaining hope in Him and invoking Him is also another path arriving at Him.

Accordingly, one should make his way to Allah through different paths, not confining himself to one single path. This is because each of the above mentioned paths has its own kind of aroma, taste, perfection, and fruition in one’s journey toward Allah which is not be found in other paths.

As a result, Islam presents a pluralistic basis for the establishment of relation with Allah, the Exalted. However, this is a very wide topic in itself which we do not intend to discuss at the moment.

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(‘ibadah), embraces it, loves it from his heart, applies his body to it and attends to it, such that he is not bothered in which condition he is in this world, in difficulty or in ease.”(1)

5. Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “The secret conversation of those who have attained thorough recognition of Allah (‘arifin) revolves round three principles: fear (khawf), hope (raja’), and love (hubb). Fear is the subsidiary of knowledge (‘ilm), hope is a subsidiary of certainty (yaqin), and love is a subsidiary of recognition (ma’rifah). The sign of fear is taking flight (harab) {from the anger of Allah}; the sign of hope is seeking (talab); and the sign of love is to give preference to the Beloved over everything other than Him.

Thus, when knowledge is actualized in the breast (sadr), he would have fear (khawf); and when the fear gets firm, he would take flight (harab); and if he takes flight, he would attain salvation (najat); and when the light of certainty shines on his heart, he would witness the grace (fadl), and when he is able to see the grace, he would become hopeful; and when he experiences the sweetness of {the state of} hope, he would seek (talaba); and if he succeeds in seeking, he would find (wajada).

When the light of recognition (ma‘rifah) is disclosed (tajalla) to the heart (fu’ad), the breeze of love is stirred up (haja); and when the breeze of love is stirred up, he would become intimate with the patronage (dilal) of the Beloved, and prefer him over everything other than Him, and carry out His orders.

The parable of these three principles is that of the holy Sanctuary (haram), the sacred Mosque (al-masjid), and the ka‘bah; whoever enters the haram would be safe from the creatures; and whoever enters the masjid his limbs would be guarded from being employed by him in sinning; and whoever

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enters the ka‘bah his heart would be protected from being occupied by him with the remembrance of other than Allah.”(1)

6. The Holy Prophet (S) is related to have said, “Prophet Shu’ayb (‘a) wept out of love of Allah, the All-mighty, the Majestic, until he lost his sight…, so Allah revealed onto him saying, ‘O Shu‘ayb! If this was out of fear of the Fire, then I have protected you from it; and if it was out of eagerness for the Heaven, then I have permitted you {to enter it}.’ So he said, ‘O Allah, O my Master, You are aware that I did not weep out of fear of Your fire, nor out of eagerness for Your heaven, but {because} Your love has engaged my heart such that I cannot endure {it} until I see You.’ So Allah, the Majestic, revealed to him saying, ‘If this is the case, then because of this I will make the one who spoke to Me (kalimi), Musa bin ‘Imran, to be at your service.”(2)

7. A phrase in the book of Prophet Idris (‘a) read, “Blessed are a people who worshipped Me out of love, and took Me as {their} lord and nourisher, and kept awake at night and persisted during daytime in acquiring My pleasure without fear or eagerness, nor out of fear of the Fire or aspiration of the Heaven, but due to {their} sincere love, firm resolution, and detachment from all other Me.”(3)

Imam al-Husayn (‘a) says in the supplication of ‘arafah, “Blind is the eye which does not see You watchful over itself, and the bargain of a servant for whom You have not allotted a share from Your love is in loss.”(4)

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heart is the one inhabited by the love of Allah. And Allah shall never punish a heart inhabited by His love and in which the sweetness of His love has settled.

Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “O Allah, by Your might and glory, I have loved You with a love whose sweetness has settled in my heart. And the hearts of those who confess Your Oneness cannot believe that You hate Your lovers.”(1)

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says regarding this steady and established state of the Divine love, “By Your might, O my Master, even if You drive me away, I will not leave Your door, and I will not cease to compliment You, because of what I have come to know of Your generosity and kindness.”(2)

This is one of the most eloquent expressions describing the profundity of love and its abiding in the heart, such that it would not disappear from it or change even if his Master were to drive him away and distance him from His proximity. And far it is from Him that He should do that with a servant in whose heart His love has dwelt.

When one experiences the taste of the love of Allah, and the pleasure of intimacy with Him, he would not prefer anything over Him. Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a), the leader of the lovers, says: “O Allah, who can have tasted the sweetness of Your love, then wanted another in place of You? And who can have become intimate with Your nearness, then sought removal from You?”(3)

The reason behind the difference of the people in relation to their goals and views about life is that they are deprived of the pleasure of the love of Allah. Otherwise those who have

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experienced such a pleasure do not seek anything else in life after this.

In the supplication of ‘arafah, Imam Husayn bin ‘Ali (‘a) says: “What has he found one who has lost You? And what has he lost one who has found You?”(1)

Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) seeks forgiveness from Allah for every pleasure other than the pleasure of the love of Allah, and for every occupation other than the remembrance of Allah, and from every happiness other than that of the proximity to Allah; not because Allah has prohibited His servants from all this, rather because of the fact that all this is the result of the distraction of one’s heart from Allah, and of its occupation with other than His remembrance even for a short time; whereas a heart which has experienced the pleasure of the love of Allah is never distracted from Him.

In fact, the dynamic force behind every action and endeavour in the life of the friends of Allah is the love of Allah, the Exalted, His remembrance and obedience. Anything beside this is seen as diversion from Allah. Hence, Imam as-Sajjad (‘a) seeks Allah’s forgiveness for all this and says: “I pray forgiveness from You for every pleasure other than that of Your remembrance, and for every ease other than that of intimacy with You, and for every happiness other than that of proximity to You, and for every occupation other than obeying You.”(2)

deed and mediates for the performer of that deed, as love is an effective intercessor before Allah, the Exalted.

In his lofty supplication at dawn famously known as the supplication of abu hamzah ath-thumali, Imam al-Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says: “My recognition, O my Master, is that which guides me to You, and my love is my intercessor to You, and I trust my evidence since You have guided me {to it}, and I am comfortable with my intercessor since You will accept it.”(1)

In fact, the best of evidences (dalil) and intercessors (shafi’) are recognition (ma’rifah) and love (hubb). Accordingly, one whose evidence to Allah is ma‘rifah shall never be misguided, and he whose intercessor with Allah is hubb shall never fail to reach the Divine presence.

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn, (‘a) says: “O Allah, You are indeed aware that though my obedience to you has not been persistent in practice, but it has endured in love and determination.”

These words are in fact a subtle indication to the fact that one’s obedience (ta’ah) to Allah may at times fall short of the desired standard, and, as a result, it might not be possible for him to rely upon his obedience of Allah. But that in which the lovers (muhibbin) never entertain doubt is their certainty (yaqin) in that they do love Allah, the Exalted, and their determination (‘azm) on moving on the path of love and obedience.

And one who has experienced the love of Allah within himself would never doubt in this fact; for it is possible that a servant may show negligence in obeying Allah practically, as sometimes he may embark on something which is disliked by Allah; but that which is not imaginable, even while he is indulged in the wrongdoing, is his dislike for Allah’s obedience and his love for sinning.

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In short, the bodily parts may slip and fall into sins, as shaitan and one’s own lowly desires (hawa) may gradually entice them into it; or they may fall short of the desired degree of obedience. But what is certain is that nothing other than the love of Allah, the love of obeying Him, and the abhorrence of disobedience to Him, enters the heart of the righteous ones (salihin).

The above point is brilliantly reflected in the following phrase of a supplication, “O Allah, I love obeying You even though I have fallen short of it; and I dislike disobeying You even though I have embarked on it; so be gracious to me in granting me the Heaven.”(1)

And this is in fact the split between the bodily instruments (jawarih) and the instruments of the soul (jawanih). The bodily parts sometimes fail to accompany the instruments of the heart, but the jawanih of the righteous ones solely belong to Allah and always succumb to the love of Allah.

However, if the heart (qalb) attains a higher state of purity and sincerity, then the bodily parts would have no way but to obey and submit to it. Rather, in such a case, the bodily instruments would abide with what the instruments of the soul command them and want from them. At this point, the split between the jawarih and the jawanih shall disappear as a result of the sincerity the heart has attained.

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in a whispered prayer (munajat), “O Allah, my sins have indeed frightened me, but my love of You has given me protection.”(1)

Ziyarat of aminullah reads, “O Allah, indeed the hearts of those who surrender to You are full of passionate love.”

In his munajat of adh-dhakirin (the rememberers), Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says: “O Allah, love-mad hearts are enraptured by You… hearts find no serenity except in remembering You, souls find no rest except in seeing You.”(1)

This is, in fact, the characteristic of the love-mad hearts and those burning in Allah’s love that they do not find rest and security except in Allah’s remembrance.

And among the more beautiful and more profound kind of love is what we find in the words of Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a) in the supplication of kumayl. He says: “…Then suppose, O Allah, my Master, my Protector and my Lord, that I am able to endure Your chastisement, how can I endure separation from You? And suppose that I am able to endure the heat of Your Fire, how can I endure not gazing upon Your generosity? Or how can I dwell in the Fire while my hope is Your pardon?”

This expression is among the most brilliant gestures of love and the most sincere of it; assume that a servant could endure the punishment of the Fire of his Master, how can he bear His separation and anger? A lover may endure the punishment of his Master, but he cannot endure His anger and outrage. As he might bear the fire of hell which is the most severe of the punishments, but he cannot bear separation from Him. And how can a servant be at rest amidst the fire of hell while he hopes that his Master would turn to him favourably and rescue him from it?

Of the magnificent picture presented in this lofty supplication is that ‘love’ and ‘hope’ are two things which never part the heart

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of the servant of Allah, even at the time when he is being driven into the fire of hell as a result of the wrath of Allah.

A servant might love his Master while he is drowned amidst His bounties and grace. This is indeed a form of love. But a love above which there is no love is the one in which love and hope do not part the heart of a servant even when he is admitted to the punishment of his Master.

Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in the supplication of abu hamzah ath-thumali, “By Your might, O my Master, even if You were to drive me away, I would not leave Your door, and I would not cease to compliment You, because of what I have come to know of Your generosity and the vastness of Your mercy. To whom can a servant go apart from his Master? Whom can a creature seek refuge with other than his Creator?

O Allah, even if You tied me with the chains {of hell}, and deprived me from among the people {present on that day} Your flowing streams {of favours}, and pointed out my scandals to the eyes of Your servants, and ordered me to the Fire, and separated me from the righteous ones, {still} I would not lose hope in You, nor would I dismiss my anticipation of Your pardon, nor would Your love depart from my heart…”

This is the most pure and sincere form of love, hope and aspiration which does not depart from the heart of the servant of Allah even if he is tied in chains, deprived of the favours of Allah, and his misdeeds disclosed by Him before the people.

Now let us continue to study the remarkable forms of love and hope described by Imam ‘Ali (‘a) in the supplication of Kumayl:

“By Your might, O my Master and Protector, I swear sincerely that if You were to leave me with speech, I would lament before You, from the midst of inhabitants of the Fire, with the lamentation of the hopeful; I would cry to You with the cry of those crying for help; I would weep before You with the

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weeping of the bereft; I would call upon You: ‘Where are You, O Sponsor of the believers, O Goal of the hopes of Your knowers, O Aid of those who seek assistance, O Friend of the hearts of the sincere, and O Lord of the worlds.

Tell me -glory be to You O Allah, and Your’s is the praise, can You hear from the Fire the voice of a slave imprisoned in it because of his disobedience, suffering the pangs of its torment because of his wrongdoings, and confined within its levels because of his sin and crime, while he {still} laments before You with the lament of one hopeful of Your mercy, calls upon You with the tongue of those who profess Your Oneness, and entreats You by Your Lordship?

O my Master, so how could he remain in the punishment while he has hope for Your previous clemency? Or how could the Fire cause him pain while he expects Your bounty and mercy? Or how could its flames burn him while You hear his voice and see his place? Or how could its groaning encompass him while You know his weakness? Or how could he be convulsed among its levels while You know his sincerity? Or how could its keepers torture him while he calls out to You: O Lord? Or how could he have hope of Your grace in freeing him from it while You abandon him in it?

Far it be from You! That is not what is expected of You, nor what is well-known of Your grace, nor is it similar to the goodness and kindness You have shown to those who have professed Your Oneness. So I declare with certainty that were it not for what You have decreed about punishing Your deniers, and what You have decided about making those who stubbornly resist You abide {in the Fire} forever, You would have made the Fire, all of it, cool and safe, and no one would have had a place and abode in it.”

Once a respected friend of mine told me that heroism and bravery stem from the very person of ‘Ali (‘a), such that they do not part him even during prayers before the Lord of the

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worlds. Here he is, imagining in the supplication kumayl that the Fire has embraced a sinful servant and surrounded him from all sides, still he does not stay quiet and submit to the chastisement, as is the case with he who has been encircled by the punishment and surrounded by its keepers. Rather, he laments, cries out, shouts and calls out.

Do not you see how he describes this situation while invoking Allah? “By Your might, O my Master and Protector, I swear sincerely that if You were to leave me with speech, I would lament before You, from the midst of inhabitants of the Fire, with the lamentation of the hopeful; I would cry to You with the cry of those crying for help; I would weep before You with the weeping of the bereft; I would call upon You: ‘Where are You, O Sponsor of the believers…”

I said to him that you have not been able to get the right taste of the speech of ‘Ali (‘a); for if he was intending to say what you have understood, then he would not have said in the beginning of this part of his speech “If You leave me with speech...” As for me, I regard the inner state of ‘Ali (‘a) -while he utters these words before Allah- as that of a small child who has not known a place of refuge and protection in this world but the affectionate, kindness, love, and the compassion of her mother; such that whenever something befalls her or harms her, she would immediately seek refuge with her mother and call for her help.

Likewise, if she were to make a mistake that would expose her to her punishment, then she would look around herself for a shelter. And if she could not find any place of refuge other than her mother, she would take shelter in her and ask for her help, in the same manner as she would do in the case when a stranger intends to harm her.

This is precisely the state of ‘Ali (‘a) in this supplication. He (‘a) had learned with his great heart and the vast horizons of his insight to take refuge with Allah, the Exalted, and call Him for

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help; as he (‘a) did not know anyone other than Him as a refuge and shelter.

He, the Glorious, is his only shelter and refuge, as he does not know anyone other than Him. Accordingly, when he imagines that Allah has surrounded him with His punishment, he does not hesitate, even for a moment, to take refuge and shelter with Him, and ask for His help and aid, as he used to do every time. Is not He, the Glorious, his only refuge and shelter? If He is, then why should he be hesitant this time to ask for His help?!

Describing this point, Imam Zayn al-’Abidin ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says in the munajat of at-Ta’ibin (the repenters), “O Allah… if You cast me out from Your door, in whom shall I take shelter? If You repel me from Your side, in whom shall I seek refuge?...O Allah, does an escaped slave return but to his Master? Or does anyone other than Him protect him from His anger?”(1)

Also in the supplication of abu hamzah ath-thumali, he (‘a) says: “And O my Master, I seek refuge with Your grace, and I escape from You to You.”(2) In another place he says: “To whom shall a servant go beside his Master? And with whom other than his Creator shall a creature take refuge?”(3)

“Escaping from Allah to Allah” is among the subtle meanings and concepts in the ‘relation’ of a servant with Allah, as the sensation described by ‘Ali (‘a) in the relation of a servant with Allah is among the most subtle and sincere of the ‘feelings’ of love and hope in the hearts of the lovers.

What is worthy of note here is that in this phrase of the supplication, ‘Ali (‘a) is not employing a poetic language by

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taking help of the imagination (khiyal) to complete the painting of this beautiful picture in this supplication. Rather, he is absolutely sincere in expressing before Allah his feelings and sensations. And it is for this very reason that immediately after bringing in the concept of the ‘servant’s call for help to his Lord’ he follows it with that of ‘Allah’s help to His servant’.

Based on what we know of Allah’s mercy and grace, it is not possible for Him to disappoint such a sincere and pure feeling of love and hope of the servant, rejecting his ‘love’ for Him and dashing his ‘hope’ in Him. With regard to this, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) says: “…How could he remain in the punishment while he has hope for Your previous clemency?

Or how could the Fire cause him pain while he expects Your bounty and mercy? Or how could its flames burn him while You hear his voice and see his place? Or how could its groaning encompass him while You know his weakness? Or how could he be convulsed among its levels while You know his sincerity? Or how could its keepers torture him while he calls out to You ‘O Lord’?”

Is it then possible that the keepers of the hell fire would drive him to the Fire and torture him in it, while he calls out ‘O Lord’ and seeks shelter in Him with the tongue of those who profess His Oneness? Nay! What has preceded in our lives of His clemency and grace sharply and absolutely negates this.

Interestingly, the Imam (‘a) argues through the clemency of Allah for His clemency, and through His grace for His grace, “…while he has hope for Your previous clemency?” The Imam (‘a) is decisive regarding this side of the issue, that is, the ‘decsending part’ in the relation of Allah with His servant, as he is equally decisive and assertive regarding the other side of the issue, that is, the ‘ascending part’ in the relation of a servant with Allah.

Thus, as he was decisive in the fact that the hearts which have tasted the sweetness of His love and hope would never part with it, and would never seek another love and hope in place of the

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love of Allah and hope in Him, even if the punishment of Allah were to encircle these hearts; similarly, he is decisive in the fact that Allah cannot disappoint such a true love and hope which dwells in the hearts of the truthful ones (as-Sadiqin).

Just contemplate the determination, decisiveness, and clarity in the speech of ‘Ali (‘a), “Far it be from You! That is not what is expected of You, nor what is well-known of Your grace, nor is it similar to the goodness and kindness You have shown to those who have professed Your Oneness.

So I declare with certainty that were it not for what You have decreed about punishing Your deniers, and what You have decided about making those who stubbornly resist You abide {in the Fire} forever, You would have made the Fire, all of it, cool and safe, and no one would have had a place and abode in it.”

We find this determination and decisiveness in other words of ‘Ali (‘a) also when he talks about the ascending order of the relation, that is, the relation of the servant with his Master, as well as the descending order of the relation, that is, the relation of the Master with His servant.

In his famous whispered prayer, he addresses Allah, the Exalted, and says: “O Allah, by Your might and majesty, I have indeed loved You with a love whose sweetness has settled in my heart. And the hearts of those who confess Your Oneness cannot believe that You hate Your lovers.”(1)

In the munajat of al-kha’ifin, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says: “O Allah, a soul which You have exalted by its professing Your unity, how will You humiliate it with the humiliation of Your separation; and a heart which is inhibited by Your love, how will You burn it in the heat of Your fire?”(2)

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In his prayer at dawn during the holy month of Ramadan, famously known as the supplication abu hamzah ath-thumali, Imam as-Sajjad (‘a) says: “Would You, O Allah, ever disappoint our thoughts or let down our hopes? Nay, never, O Most Generous, this is not how we think about You, nor is it what we expect from You. O Allah, we have a greater and ever lasting hope in You, we have a great hope in You…”

that} I am indeed nearmost”(1),

then the state of ‘intimacy’ occurs to him.

In the supplication of al-iftitah, which has reached us from Imam al-Hujjah al-Mahdi (‘aj), there has appeared an accurate portrayal of the above two states, “All praise is due to Allah whose curtains can never be opened, and whose doors can never be locked…”

No doubt the one whose curtains can never be opened is the very one whose door can never be closed. But it makes great difference in understanding Allah through this perception or that.

Moreover, there are two kinds of veil (hijab), the veil of darkness, and the veil of light. Some of the time, what prevents one from seeing through is pitch dark and the intensity of the darkness. This is the veil of darkness (hijab al-zulmah).

But at other times, what stops one from seeing through is the intensity of light and its brilliance, as one cannot see the sun, not because of a barrier, but due to the intensity of its brilliance. This is the veil of light (hijab an-nur).

The veils of darkness in the relation of man with Allah are love of this world (hubb ad-dunya), committing sins, and that which sullies the heart; whilst the veil of light within this relation is something different. This is the veil which, according to Imam al-Hujjah (‘aj) in the supplication of al-iftitah, can never be opened.

It is this veil which stirs up yearning (shawq) and longing (lahfah) in the hearts of the servants of Allah. Speaking of this yearning for Allah, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in the whispered prayer of al-muridin (the devotees), “O Allah, nothing will cool my burning thirst but reaching You,

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quench my ardour but meeting You, damp my yearning but gazing upon Your face, settle my settling place without closeness to You, allay my worry but Your repose, cure my illness but Your medicine, eliminate my grief but Your nearness, heal my wound but Your forgiveness, remove the rust on my heart but Your pardon…

O utmost Hope of the hopers, O ultimate demand of the askers, O Highest desire of the desirers, O patron of the righteous, O Security of the fearful, O Responder to the supplication of the distressed, O Storehouse of the destitute, O Treasure of the pitiful…”(1)

In contrast to this disclosure, there is another type of disclosure, that is the disclosure of Allah to His servants without closing a door between them and Him, such that He listens to their secret prayer while He is nearer to them than their jugular vein, He intervenes between a man and his heart, and nothing of what enters into their hearts is concealed from Him.

Here it is that a servant feels that he is in the presence of his Master, and fears going against His commands and disobeying Him, develops intimacy with His remembrance, and finds tranquility in invoking Him and whispering to Him, prolongs His remembrance, secret prayer to Him, and standing before Him.

In a Divine Narration (hadith al-qudsi), Allah, the Exalted, says to some of His messengers, describing their prayer to Him in the darkness of the night while people are asleep, “Had you only seen them praying to Me in the darkness while I have become incarnate before their eyes, addressing Me while I am far above to be seen, and talking to Me while I cannot be {physically} present.”(2)

As a result, a servant would not get wearied of standing before Allah, nor would he feel the passing of time. Have you not seen

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a man in the presence of a beloved whom he is fond of, does he get tired or perceive the passing of the time? Then what would be the case if a person feels that he is in the presence of Allah, hearing His speech and seeing Him, while He is with him, “And He is with you wherever you may be.”(1) Thus, he would attain tranquility and rest only in the remembrance of Allah, “The hearts find rest in Allah’s remembrance.”(2)

Imam al-Mahdi (‘aj) says in the supplication of al-iftitah, “So I began to call You trustingly, and ask You familiarly, neither fearing nor scared, pointing out to You that because of which I turned toward You.”

No doubt that this state of intimacy with Allah, finding rest with Him, feeling safe under His shelter, is a state which springs forth from the feeling that one is in the presence, proximity and company of Allah, the Exalted. This is the best of the states a servant could ever be in before Allah. However, this state does not represent everything as far as the relation of man with Allah is concerned; rather the state of intimacy with Allah must be accompanied by the state of shawq (yearning) so that it may reach completion, be balanced and well-coordinated.

These two states are distinct in the worship (‘ibadah) of the friends of Allah and the righteous ones, as they are distinct in their relation with Him. Thus, some of the time the attribute of shawq and longing (lahfah) for Allah is dominant over their worship and relation with Him; while at other times the attribute of intimacy (uns) and rest (sukun) becomes dominant over their worship, remembrance, and relation with Allah. And sometimes both attributes may dominate their worship, which is in fact the best and the healthiest of states, and the nearmost to the state of equilibrium and harmony in the relation with Allah.

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Hammad bin Habib al-’Attar al-Kufi says: “We came out as pilgrims, and we left Zubalah at night. We were struck with a dark sandy storm as a result of which the caravan got dispersed. I lost my way in that desert and land until I reached an uninhabited valley. When night fell, I took shelter in an ordinary tree. When it got completely dark, I suddenly saw a young man coming, wearing white tattered garment, with fragrance of musk emanating from him.

So I said to myself, ‘This is one of Allah’s friends.’ Whenever he sensed any movement from me, I feared that he would go away, thus stopping him from a lot that he intended to do. So I hid myself as much as I could. He came near to the place and prepared himself for prayers. Then he stood up praying while he said, ‘O He who has taken everything under His control, and who has conquered everything by His power; make the joy of turning toward You enter my heart, and admit me to the domain of those who obey You…’ Then he began to offer prayers.

In the final hours of the night, he stood up and said, ‘O He whom the seekers had aspired and found Him to be {their} guide, and the fearful sought refuge in and found Him to be full of grace, and the worshippers took shelter in Him and found Him to be the bestower {of favours}. When did he who erected his body for other than You find ease? And when has he become happy one who aspired other than You in intention? O Allah, the darkness is disappearing while I have not been able to accomplish even a little of Your service, and my whispering to You has been but inconsiderable. Send {Your} blessings on Muhammad and his Progeny, and do to me what is worthy of You out of the two things(1), O Most Merciful of the merciful.’”

Hammad says: “I feared that his person may escape me and his trace may remain hidden to me, so I clinged to him and said to

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him, ‘By him who has got you rid of the weariness and has bestowed upon you intent yearning and the pleasure of desire (raghbah)… who are you?’ He said, ‘Since you have sworn, I am ‘Ali bin al-Husayn bin ‘Ali bin Abi Talib.’”(1)

Al-Asma’i says: “One night I was circumambulating the ka’bah when I suddenly saw a handsome young man, clinging to the cover of the ka’bah saying, ‘The eyes have slept; the stars have risen, and You are the Sovereign, the Living, and the Self-subsistent. The kings have closed their doors and kept guards over them, while Your door is open for the petitioners. I have come to You so that You may look at me with Your Mercy, O Most Merciful of the merciful.’ Then he began reciting the following verses:

O He who answers the distressed in the darkness, O He who removes adversity and affliction during sickness,

Your visitors around the House have all slept, And You alone, O Self-subsistent, have not slept,

I call upon You, O my Lord, with a calling You have ordered, Have mercy on my lamentation for the sake of the House and the haram,

If he who has committed excesses against his own soul should not hope for Your pardon, Then who else will bestow his bounties upon the sinfuls?’”

Al-Asma’i says: “I followed him in his tracks and found him to be Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a).”(2)

Tawus al-Faqih narrates:

“I saw him worshipping and circumambulating from the evening until dawn. When he saw that there was no one, he

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looked at the heavens and said, ‘O Allah, the stars of Your heavens have fallen in, and the eyes of Your servants have slept, and Your doors are open for the petitioners. I have come to You so that You may forgive me, and have mercy upon me, and show me the countenance of my grandfather Muhammad (S) in the courtyard of the Day of Judgement.’

Then he wept and said, ‘By Your might and majesty, I did not intend to violate Your {commands} by committing sins, and I did not disobey You when I disobeyed out of doubt in You, nor out of ignorance of Your chastisement, nor exposing myself to Your punishment, but my soul prompted me, and Your protective veil which made me live in ease assisted me over that; and now from Your retribution who will rescue me?

And to whose rope do I hold on fast if You were to cut off Your rope from me? How disgracing it would be to stand before You tomorrow, when it would be said to those with light weight, ‘Go through’, and to those burdened {with sins}, ‘Stop’. Will I pass with those whose weight is light, or will I have to stop with those burdened? Woe unto me, my sins increased as I lived longer, but I did not repent; has not the time come for me that I should feel ashamed of my Lord?’

Then he wept and began reciting:

Shall You burn me with the Fire -O the Highest Desire, Then what happened to my hope and what happened to my love {of You}?

I have come to You with disgracing and miserable deeds, As there is not amidst the creatures one who has committed the like of my crime.

Then again he wept and said, ‘Immaculate are You, You are disobeyed as if You do not see, and You are so clement that as if You are not being disobeyed, You display Your love for Your creation by bestowing upon them Your favours as if You were

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in need of them, while You, O my Master, have no need of them.’ Then he fell to the ground prostrating.”

Tawus says: “I went near him, held his head and put it on my lap. Then I wept to the extent that my tears flowed over his cheeks, so he sat upright and said, ‘Who is it who has distracted me from the remembrance of my Lord?’ I said, ‘It is me, Tawus. O son of the Prophet of Allah, what is all this fear and fright? Are we required to do the like of this, as we are disobedient and sinful? Your father is Husayn bin ‘Ali, your mother is Fatimah al-Zahra’, and your grandfather is the Messenger of Allah (S) .’

So he turned toward me and said, ‘Never, never, O Tawus! Stop talking about my father and my mother and my grandfather. Allah has created the Heaven for he who obeys Him and performs good deeds, even if he were to be a slave from Abyssinia. And He has created the Fire for he who disobeys Him, even if he were from the Quraysh.

Have you not heard the word {of Allah,} the Exalted, “And when the trumpet is blown, there will be no ties between them on the day, nor will they ask {about} each other.”(1) By Allah, nothing is going to benefit you tomorrow except that which you have sent ahead of the good deeds.’”(2)

Habbah al-’Arani reports:

“While Nawf and I were sleeping in the courtyard of the castle, we suddenly found ourselves with Amir al-Mu’minin (‘a) in the last quarter of the night. He had put his hand on the wall looking confused, while he recited, “Indeed in the creation the heavens and the earth…”

Then he continued to recite these verses and he walked by as if he had lost his senses. He said, ‘Are you asleep, O Habbah, or

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are you awake?’ I said, ‘I am awake; if you do all this then what about us?!’ So he lowered his gaze and wept, and thereafter he said to me, ‘O Habbah, indeed Allah has a stand (mawqif), and we have a stand before Him; so nothing of our deeds is hidden from Him. O Habbat, indeed Allah is nearer to you and me than the jugular vein. O Habbah, nothing can hide you and me from Allah.’ Then he said, ‘Are you asleep, O Nawf?’ ‘No, O Amir al-Mu’minin, I am not asleep. I have prolonged my lamentation tonight’, he replied.

Then he advised and admonished us and said in the end, ‘Beware of {disobeying} Allah. I have indeed warned you.’ Thereafter, he started walking and saying, ‘Would that I knew in my state of negligence (ghafalati) whether You have turned away from me, or are looking at me? Would that I knew what is my condition during my sleep and my being ungrateful to Your blessings on me?’”

Habbah continues, “By Allah, he remained in this state until the rising of the dawn.”(1)

In fact, the supplications and whispered prayers transmitted to us from the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) are rich in such lively and dynamic illustrations, describing the the state of intimacy (uns) and yearning (shawq). This is true, in particular, about the fifteen whispered prayers that ‘Allamah al-Majlisi has narrated in al-Bihar from Imam Zayn al-’Abidin ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a), which are replete with such concepts as ‘intimacy’ and ‘yearning’. We find in the heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) a treasure of such illustrations and concepts that we seldom find in the heritage of others.

We will mention here some of these unique illustrations before we conclude our discussion.

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1) “O Allah, who can have tasted the sweetness of Your love, then wanted another in place of You? Who can have become intimate with Your nearness, then sought removal from You? O Allah, place us with him whom You have chosen for Your nearness and Your friendship, purified through Your affection and Your love, given yearning for the meeting with You, made pleased with Your decree, granted gazing upon Your face, shown the favour of Your good pleasure,

given refuge from separation from You and Your loathing, settled in a sure sitting place in Your neighbourhood, singled out for true knowledge of You, made worthy for worship of You, whose heart You have captivated with Your will, whom You have picked for contemplating You, whose look You have made empty for You, whose breast You have freed for Your love, whom You have made desirous of what is with You, inspired with Your remembrance, allotted thanksgiving to You, occupied with obeying You, turned into one of Your righteous creatures, chosen for whispered prayer to You, and from whom You have cut off all things which cut him off from You.

O Allah, place us among those whose habit is rejoicing in You and yearning for You, whose time is spent in sighing and moaning, their foreheads are bowed down before Your mightiness, their eyes are wakeful in Your service, their tears flowing in dread of You, their hearts fixed upon Your love, their cores shaken with awe of You.

O He the lights of whose holiness induce wonder in the eyes of His lovers, the glories of whose face arouse the longing of the hearts of His knowers. O Furthest Wish of the hearts of of the yearners, O Utmost Limit of the hopes of the lovers, I ask from You love for You, love for those who love You, love for every work which will join me to Your nearness, and that You make Yourself more beloved to me than anything other than You, and make my love for You lead to Your good pleasure, and my yearning for You protect against disobeying You, oblige me by allowing me to gaze upon You, gaze upon me with the

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eye of affection and tenderness, turn not Your face away from me…”(1)

The verses of this prayer are overflowing with concepts of love, yearning and intimacy. I do not intend here to comment on this prayer, for I will never be able to add to its verses any beauty apart from what they contain, nor an eloquence better than what they entail. I am not among those either capable of commenting on the master pieces from the verses of various supplications, and the verses of love or literature.

The first thing which draws our attention in the verses of the above supplication is the ‘call’ with which the Imam (‘a) is calling out his Lord, “O Furthest Wish of the hearts of the yearners, O Utmost Limit of the hopes of the lovers…”, “O He the lights of whose holiness induce wonder in the eyes of His lovers, the glories of whose face arouse the longing of the hearts of His knowers…”

The Imam (‘a) has three requests in this prayer; the great three which a servant asks from his Lord.

1. Firstly he asks from Allah to choose him for Himself, and purify his heart for His love, make empty his look for His noble face, and make him desirous of what is with Him, and free his breast for His love, inspire him with His remembrance, cut off from him all that which cut him off from Him, and turn from him all that which turn him away from Him.

Such a start is essential for the move that the Imam (‘a) is asking from Allah, whose goal he defines as gazing upon the face (wajh) of Allah. It is not possible for a person without such a start to move through this difficult and tedious path to the climax of meeting with Allah and gazing upon His honourable

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face, which is indeed the source of ease for every prophet and friend of Allah.

If looking at the face of Allah is a provision (rizq) which Allah provides for whomsoever He wishes and chooses from among His servants, then the servant must ask Allah to provide him such a provision together with its keys; for when Allah provides any of His servants with a provision, He gives him through its doors and keys, and facilitates for him its causes and means.

On the contrary, those who pray to Allah to grant them a provision from other than its doors and without its proper means are in fact beseeching Him against His norms (sunan) and laws which He has ordained for His servants.

The doors (abwab) from which man enters and from which he sets out to the climax of meeting with Allah (liqa’ allah) and gazing at His face are as follows:

First: To free the heart from every sully, want, love and worldy attachment. This stage is termed by the scholars as that of at-Takhliyah (to empty), that is emptying the heart from every want and attachment to other than Allah.

The Imam (‘a) says in this regard, “Place us with him whom You have…purified for Your affection and love…whose look You have made empty for You, whose heart You have freed for Your love…and from whom You have cut off all things which cut him off from You.”

This is the first step of the starting point which entails a negative (salbi) meaning.

Second: at-Tahliyah (embellishment of the soul with good qualities) as it is termed by the ‘ulama’’ in contrast to at-Takhliyah. This step involves a positive meaning and is referred to by the Imam (‘a) in his following requests, “Make me among those whom You have… made pleased with Your decree… singled out for true knowledge of You…made worthy

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for worship of You… made desirous of what is with You, inspired with Your remembrance, allotted thanksgiving to You, occupied with obeying You, turned into one of Your righteous creatures, chosen for whispered prayer to You…”, and, “Make us among those… whose foreheads are bowed down before Your mightiness, their eyes wakeful in Your service, their tears flowing in dread of You… and their cores shaken with awe of You.”

This starting point, with both steps, is the key of the movement toward Allah, the Exalted. It is the point from which man sets out to the meeting with Allah (liqa’ allah) and gazing upon His honoured face and beauty.

2. The second request follows the first one, as it is the intermediate stage in one’s ascending movement toward Allah. It is not possible for one to traverse this path to Allah, nor attain proximity and nearness to Him, “in the abode of truthfulness with an omnipotent King”(1), without passing through this stage.

The means which carry man to this ultimate goal which is desired by every prophet, friend of Allah, truthful one and martyr, is the love of Allah, intimacy with Him, and yearning for Him. Without this, it is not possible for man to ascend such a lofty ascent toward Allah.

Love, yearning and intimacy are undoubtedly a provision from Allah, which He provides to those He chooses and picks up from His servants. However, this takes place after traversing the preliminary stages mentioned by the Imam (‘a) in different verses of the above whispered prayer.

The Imam (‘a) greatly insists on this request and he employs different means and expressions in order to attain his request. Thus, he calls out to Allah with such an impressive calling, “O

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Furthest Wish of the hearts of the yearners, O Utmost Limit of the hopes of the lovers…”

Thereafter, he asks from Allah love of Him, love for those who love Him, and love for every work which would take him to His proximity.

Let us ponder on the words of the Imam (‘a) himself, for commentary of them would make us miss the opportunity of directly looking at the horizons of this ‘love’ which the Imam (‘a) is trying to open for us in this supplication, “I ask from You love of You, love for those who love You, love for every work which will join me to Your nearness, and that You make Yourself more beloved to me than anything other than You; and make my love for You lead to Your good pleasure, and my yearning for You protect against disobeying You, endow me with gazing upon You, look at me with the eye of affection and tenderness, and turn not Your face away from me.”

He also says: “Make us among those… whom You have given yearning for the meeting with You…whom You have given refuge from separation from You and Your loathing… and whose heart You have captivated with Your will.”

He then says: “O Allah, make us among those whose habit is rejoicing in You and yearning for You, whose time is spent in sighing and moaning… whose hearts are fixed upon Your love, and their cores shaken with awe of You.”

In short, there are four requests put forth by the Imam (‘a) in the above verses:

1. He, the Exalted, should give us refuge from being separated from Him and from His loathing.

2. He should bestow upon us His love and affection.

3. He should provide us with intimacy with Him.

4. He should endow us with yearning for the meeting with Him.

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The Imam (‘a) summarizes the concepts of hubb and shawq in this beautiful statement, “O Allah, make us among those whose habit is rejoicing in You and craving for You.”

Rejoicing (irtiyah) in Allah is different from craving (hanin) for Him, and the Imam (‘a) asks Allah for both. Rejoicing is the state of intimacy (uns) which stems from the ‘meeting’ (liqa’), while craving (hanin) is the state of yearning (shawq) which springs from the movement toward the ‘meeting with Allah’.

3. The third stage of this heavenly journey toward Allah, the Exalted, as described in this noble whispered prayer, is the ultimate goal and the noblest of what the prophets and the truthful have been asking from Allah. It is asking Allah for gaze upon His majestic face and His brilliant beauty. This is a goal which cannot be attained except by the chosen among the chosen ones whom Allah picks up for His nearness and neighbourhood.

The Imam (‘a) says with this regard, “Make us among those whom You have granted gazing upon Your face… and whom You have settled in a sure sitting place in Your neighbourhood… and whom You have picked for seeing You… and endow me with gazing upon You.”

What a great wish that man should look at the face of his Lord, see His majesty and beauty from the close, sit beside Him in the abode of truthfulness in His neighbourhood, and that His lord should give him to drink a pure drink.

us to Your servants, those who hurry to You swiftly, knock constantly at Your door, and worship You by night and by day, while they remain apprehensive in awe of You.

You have purified their drinking places, taken them to the objects of their desire, granted their requests, accomplished their wishes through Your bounty, filled their minds with Your love, and quenched their thirst with Your pure drink. Through You have they reached the pleasure of whispered prayer to You, and in You have they achieved their furthest goals.

O He who comes toward those who come toward Him and grants gifts and bestows bounty upon them through tenderness. He is compassionate and clement toward those heedless of His remembrance, and loving and tender in drawing them to His door. I ask You to place me among those of them who have the fullest share from You, the highest station with You, the most plentiful portion of Your love, and the most excellent allotment of Your knowledge, for my aspiration has been cut off from everything but You, and my desire has turned toward You alone.

You are my object, none other; to You alone belongs my waking and my sleeplessness. Meeting You is the gladness of my eye, joining You the wish of my soul. Toward You is my yearning, in love for You my passionate longing, in inclining toward You my fervent craving. Your good pleasure is the aim I seek, vision of You my need, Your neighbourhood my request, nearness to You the utmost object of my asking.

In whispered prayer to You I find my repose and my ease. With You lies the remedy of my illness, the cure for my burning thirst, the coolness of my ardour, the removal of my distress. Be my intimate in my loneliness, the releaser of my stumble, the forgiver of my slip, the accepter of my repentance, the responder of my supplication, the patron of preserving me from sin, the one who frees me from my neediness. Cut me not off from You, and keep me not far

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from You. O bliss and my garden. O my this world and my Hereafter…”(1)

The is a sublime piece from the loftiest of the whispered prayers, a marvelous piece from the beautiful texts of du’a’, and the prime from among the prime words of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) in supplication, entreaty and love; which has emanated from a heart filled with passionate love for Allah, and longing for the meeting with Him.

These verses are worthy to be pondered upon a great deal. We shall, however, restrict ourselves to a quick look at some of the descriptions and concepts about the Divine love with which this whispered prayer is embellished.

In the beginning, Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) asks Allah to hold his hand and make him traverse the path which arrives at Him. This is in fact the summary of all that which is in this prayer of the loftiest requests.

In this supplication, the Imam (‘a) does not ask from Allah this world or the Hereafter, though it is a permissible request which is also liked by Allah; rather he asks Him for nearness, reaching Him, and His neighbourhood in the abode of truthfulness with the prophets, martyrs, and the truthful ones. He (‘a) says: “O Allah, so make us travel on the roads that arrive at You.”

The Imam (‘a) does not say “the road (sabil) which arrives at You” in a singular form; he rather says “the roads (subul) that arrive at You” using the plural form. The reason being that the path (sirat) toward Allah is one and not manifold, as the Qur’an has not mentioned except one path. Allah, the Exalted, says:

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1. “Guide us on the straigth path (sirat), the path of those whom You have blessed –such as have not incurred Your wrath, nor are astray.”(1)

2. “…and Allah guides whomever He wishes to a straight path (sirat).”(2)

3. “…and guides them to a straight path (sirat).”(3)

4. “…We chose them and guided them to a straight path (sirat).”(4)

But with regard to the word ‘sabil’ (road), it has appeared in the plural form many times in the Qur’an, both in the case of truth (haqq) and falsehood (batil). He, the Exalted, says:

1. “With it Allah guides those who follow {the course of} His pleasure to the ways (subul) of peace.”(5)

2. “…and do not follow other ways (subul), for they will separate you from His way (sabil).”(6)

3. “…and why should we not put our trust in Allah, seeing that He has guided us in our ways (subulana).”(7)

4. “As for those who strive in Us, we shall surely guide them in Our ways (subulana), and Allah is indeed with the virtuous.”(8)

Allah, the Exalted, has kept numerous ways which lead the people to Him, as it is common among the scholars that ‘There are as many roads to Allah as the breaths of the creatures.”

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Although all these ways and roads are in accordance with the straight path (as-Sirat al-mustaqim) of Allah. He, the Exalted, has appointed for everyone a specific way through which he would come to know Him, and which would lead him to Him.

Accordingly, some of the people move toward Allah through the road of knowledge (‘ilm) and intellect (‘aql), while others through the road of heart (qalb) and breast (fu’ad). Yet there are people who attain recognition of Allah through trading and dealing with Him. He, the Exalted, says:

“O you who have faith! Shall I show you a deal that will deliver you from a painful punishment?”(1),

and:

“And among the people is he who sells his soul seeking the pleasure of Allah, and Allah is most kind to {His} servants.”(2)

Here, Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) asks Allah to make him travel the ways, and not a single way, that arrive at Him; as the more one travels through different roads to Allah, the stronger, more definite and assuring would be his arrival at His neighbourhood and proximity.

Thereafter, he asks from Allah to join him with those people who hasten to Him from among His righteous servants, those who quickly move toward Allah and spend their day and night in His obedience and worship.

However, the path to Allah is hard and difficult. The Qur’an refers to this path as ‘one with thorns’ (dhat ash-Shawkah).(3) There have been many people who began journeying this path with resolution and determination, but then collapsed in the middle of the way.

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Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) asks Allah to make near for him the far, and make easy for him the hard during this difficult journey, and to join him to the righteous people (salihin) who have preceded him, though he himself is the leader of the righteous; for the company of the friends of Allah and the righteous ones on the road with thorns gives strength to the hearts of all, and increases in their determination to pursue the path further.

Indeed the journey to Allah is difficult. Therefore, if a group of the righteous move together on this path, holding firm onto each other, enjoining one another to patience and to follow the truth, then moving on the path with thorns would become much easier for them.

Regarding the nature of this difficult and long journey, and asking the nearing of the far, ease in the journey, and joining the righteous who were on this path, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says: “…and set us into motion on the paths nearest to reaching You, make near for us the far, make easy for us the hard and difficult; Join us to Your servants who hurry to You swiftly, knock constantly at Your door, and worship You by night and by day.”

Indeed this pure drink is the drink of love (hubb), certainty (yaqin), sincerity (ikhlas) and recognition (ma’rifah), while the receptacle is the heart (qalb).

Allah, the Exalted, has provided man with numerous receptacles for recognition, certainty and sincerity, but the ‘heart’ is the greatest of all of them and the most spacious of them.

Thus, when Allah purifies for His servant the drink of his heart, and makes him drink a clean and pure drink, then his actions, speech, and offerings would also be clean and pure. This is because there is similarity and homogeneity (musanakhah) between that which enters the heart and that which comes out from it. Thus, if that which enters the heart is pure and clean, coming from a pure and sweet spring, then that which flows out from it would be similar to that. Subsequently, the actions of a person, his speech, views, behaviour, stance and offerings would all be pure and delightful.

On the contrary, if what enters the heart is dirty or polluted by it, of what satans inspire their friends, then that which comes out of it would undoubtedly be similar to it in deceit (kidhb), hypocrisy (nifaq), miserliness (shuhh), and turning away (i’rad) from Allah and His Prophet.

The Holy Prophet (S) is reported to have said, “Indeed there are two nearness to the heart; nearness from the angel {which is} promising of good and a confirming of truth; and nearness from the enemy {which is} threatening with evil and a denying of truth. So whoever experiences that {within himself}, then he should know that it is from Allah; and whoever experiences the other {nearness}, then he should take refuge with Allah from the shaitan.”

Thereafter, he recited:“Satan frightens you of

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poverty and prompts you to {commit} indecent acts; while Allah promises you His forgiveness and grace.(1)”(2)

The nearness of the angel is the Lordly inspiration (al-warid ar-rabbani), while the nearness of the shaitan is the satanic inspiration (al-warid ash-Shaitani).

Do you not see when a bee collects the nectar from flowers, it gives out a pleasant and sweet honey to the people, in which there is cure for them? But if it gathers its food from unpure and unclean sources, then its produce would naturally be the same.

Allah, the Exalted, says about His Friend, Ibrahim, and His messengers Ishaq and Ya’qub:

“And remember Our servants Ibrahim, Ishaq and Ya’qub, men of strength and insight. Indeed We purified them with the exclusiveness of the remembrance of the abode {of the Hereafter}. Indeed with Us they are surely among the elect of the best.”(3)

This lofty attribute of strength and insight which Allah ascribes to these great prophets is the result of the pure drink which Allah had given to them, “Indeed We purified them with the exclusiveness of the remembrance of the abode {of the Hereafter}.”

Had Allah not purified them with this exclusiveness of the remembrance of the Hereafter, they would have neither had the strength nor insight.(4)

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Therefore, in order for man’s deeds to become pure, it is necessary that his drink be pure, as the heart gives out what it takes in.

its heavens is faith (Iman), its sun is yearning (shawq), its moon is love (mahabbah), its stars are secret thoughts (khawatir), its cloud is intellect (‘aql), its rain is mercy (rahmah), its tree is obedience (ta’ah), its fruit is wisdom (hikmah). It has four pillars: reliance (tawakkul), contemplation (tafkir), intimacy (uns), and remembrance (dhikr). And it has four doors: knowledge (‘ilm), wisdom (hikmah), patience (sabr), and contentment (rida)… indeed it is the heart.”(1)

It is obvious that the above narration employs a symbolic language in terms of question and answer; a language frequently employed in the Islamic traditions.

It has been narrated that Allah, the Exalted, said to Prophet Musa (‘a), “O Musa, free your heart for My love; because I have made Your heart a field of My love, and I have spread in Your heart a land of My cognizance (ma’rifah), and I have built in Your heart a sun of My yearning (shawq), and I have placed in Your heart a moon of My love (mahabbati), and I have put in Your heart a spring of contemplation (tafakkur), and I have set in motion a wind of My success (tawfiq) in your heart, and I have showered on your heart a shower of My grace (tafaddul), and I have planted in your heart a plant of My truthfulness (sidq), and I have grown trees of My obedience (ta’ati) in your heart, and I have put mountains of My certainty (yaqin) in your heart.”(2)

The language employed in this narration is also a symbolic one. Anyway, both narrations illustrate the active role of the heart in distinguishing truth from falsehood, and guidance (huda) from error (dalal).

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desist from praying so long as the Master is the Generous. And how vile it is to desist from praying when the one asked from (mas’ul) is the Generous, and there is no limit or end to the treasuries of His mercy, rather the frequency of giving increases Him not but in generosity and kindness.

From among the things that Allah, the Exalted, has taught us of the manners (adab) and characters (akhlaq) of the servants of the All-merciful (‘ibad ar-rahman) is that we should ask from Him to make us the leaders of the pious ones (muttaqin), “… and make us leaders of the Godwary.”(1)

Besides, we frequently come across the following high-aspiring phrase in the supplications that have reached us from our infallibles (ma’sumin), “And give preference to me, and do not give preference to anyone else over me.”

Your pardon to the extent of my hope, and do not punish me because of my worst deeds.”

In the supplication of kumayl, Imam ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a) begins from the trough and says: “O Allah, forgive me the sins which tear apart protection; O Allah, forgive me the sins which bring down adversities; O Allah, forgive me the sins which alter blessings; O Allah, forgive me sins which hold back prayer… O Allah, I find no forgiver of my sins, nor concealer of my wicked acts, no transformer of any of my bad deeds into good acts but You…

Glory be to You, and praise is due to You; I have wronged myself, I have been audacious in my ignorance, and I have depended upon Your constant remembrance of me and Your favour toward me…

O Allah, my tribulation is tremendous, and my bad state is excessive, my acts are inadequate, my fetters have tied me down, my high hopes have held me back from my again, and this world with its delusions, my own soul with its offences, and my dilly-dallying have {all} deceived me. O my Master, so I ask You by Your might not to let my evil deeds and acts veil my supplication from You; and not to disgrace me through the hidden things You have come to know from my innermost secret…”

This trough denotes the lowest level of servanthood (‘ubudiyyah) and what surrounds it of the evil deeds. Thereafter, towards the end of the supplication we see the climax of aspiration which manifests itself in the great hope of the servant in the all-embracing mercy of Allah. Hence, he (‘a) says: “…and bestow upon me earnestness in {my} fear of You, and continuity in {my} being joined to Your service, so that I may move easily toward You in the battlefields of the foremost, hurry to You among the prominent, desire fervently Your proximity among the fervently desirous, move near to You with the nearness of the sincere … and make me the most excellent of Your slaves in share with You, the nearest of them in station to You, and the most elect of them in proximity to You; for that cannot be attained except by Your grace…”

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And we also find this vast difference between the peak and trough in the supplication of Abu Hamzah ath-Thumali; as in the beginning of it Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) sets off from the lowest point and says:

“… and who am I, O my Lord; and what is my significance? Bestow upon me Your grace, and give me charity of Your pardon. O my Lord, cover me with Your veil, and refrain from reproaching me by the honour of Your face…

Do not burn me with the Fire, because You are where I place my hope, and reside me not in the abyss, for You are indeed the comfort of my eye… have mercy upon my strangeness in this world, upon my grief at the time of death, upon my loneliness in the grave, upon my fear inside the burial place, upon my humiliation when I shall be resurrected before You for the reckoning (hisab). And have mercy upon me when I will be lying motionless on {my death} bed and the hands of my beloved ones shall be moving me;

and be kind to me when I will be stretched on the funeral bath-place and the righteous among my neighbours shall be washing me; and be affectionate toward me when I shall be carried and my relatives would be holding the extremities of my coffin, and be generous to me when I will be transported {to the grave} while I have descended on You, alone in my hole.”

Thereafter, in the climax of the supplication and the stage of aspiration, he (‘a) says: “O Allah, I ask You the best of what Your righteous servants have asked from You, O Best of those who have been asked, and Most Generous of those who have given… fulfill my quest in myself, my family, parents, and children…

enrich my living, and make manifest my manliness, and put in order all my affairs, and make me among those whom You have prolonged their lives, and made their acts good, and completed upon them Your blessings, and whom You are pleased with, and have caused them to live a good life… and single me out for Your special remembrance… and make me the

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one with the fullest share with You amongst Your servants in every good that You have sent down or are going to send down.”

This journey from the trough to the peak is another expression of the journey of man toward Allah, the Exalted; a journey of hope and aspiration. And when one’s aspiration and hope is in Allah only, then there is no end to such a journey.

Hence, when people become thirsty, it is their Lord who gives them drink; when they become hungry, it is He who feeds them; when they are uncovered, it is He who covers them:

“and when I get sick, it is He who cures me”(1);

even if they have no knowledge of Allah, and no knowledge of how to call upon Him or what to ask from Him, “O He who gives to one who asks Him, O He who gives to one who does not ask him and does not know Him, out of His affection and mercy.”(2)

In the famous whispered prayer (munajat) of Imam ‘Ali (‘a), we find a beatiful reference to this Lordly point with regard to attracting Allah’s mercy. He says:

“My Master, my master, You are the Master and I the servant! Has anyone mercy upon the servant but the Master? My Master, my Master, You are the Owner and I the owned! Has anyone mercy upon the owned but the Owner? My Master, my Master, You are the Exalted and I the abased! Has anyone mercy upon the abased but the Exalted. My Master, my Master, You are the Creator and I the creature! Has anyone mercy upon the creature but the Creator.

My Master, my Master, You are the All-supreme and I the lowly! Has anyone mercy upon the lowly but the All-supreme. My Master, my Master, You are the Strong and I the weak! Has anyone mercy upon the weak but the Strong. My Master, my Master, You are the Needless and I the needy! Has anyone mercy upon the needy but the Needless.

My Master, my Master, You are the Giver and I the asker! Has anyone mercy upon the asker but the Giver. My Master, my Master, You are the Living and I the dead! Has anyone mercy upon the dead but the Living. My Master, my Master, You are the Subsistent and I the perishing! Has anyone mercy upon the perishing but the Subsistent.

My Master, my Master, You are

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the Everlasting and I the vanishing! Has anyone mercy upon the vanishing but the Everlasting. My Master, my Master, You are the Provider and I the provided for! Has anyone mercy upon the provided for but the Provider? My Master, my Master, You are the Generous and I the stingy! Has anyone mercy upon the stingy but the Generous?

My Master, my Master, You are the Reliever and I the afflicted! Has anyone mercy upon the afflicted but the Reliever? My Master, my Master, You are the Great and I the small! Has anyone mercy upon the small but the Great? My Master, my Master, You are the Guide and I the lost one! Has anyone mercy upon the lost one but the Guide?

My Master, my Master, You are the Forgiver and I the sinner! Has anyone mercy upon the sinner but the Forgiver? My Master, my Master, You are the Victor and I the defeated! Has anyone mercy upon the defeated but the Victor? My Master, my Master, You are the Cherisher and I the cherished! Has anyone mercy upon the cherished but the Cherisher?

My Master, my Master, You are the All-magnanimous and I the submissive! Has anyone mercy upon the submissive but the All-magnanimous? My Master, my Master, have mercy on me through Your mercy, and be pleased with me through Your generosity, kindness, and grace, O Possessor of generosity and favour, and might and gratitude.”

In these beautiful phrases of the supplication, Imam ‘Ali (‘a) seeks means of recourse to Allah through his neediness (hajat) and indigence (faqr), and places the neediness of the servant and his indigence in the position of attracting Allah’s mercy.

This is because the creature brings down the mercy of the Creator, the lowly draws on the mercy of the All-supreme, the weak attracts the mercy of the Strong, the needy draws on the mercy of the Needless, the one provided for attracts the mercy of the Provider, the afflicted brings down the mercy of the Reliever, the lost one causes the mercy of the Guide to descend, the sinner attracts the

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mercy of the Forgiver, the confused attracts the mercy of the Proof, and the defeated draws on the mercy of the Victor.

All these are part of the universal norms of Allah, and the norms of Allah shall never change.

Accordingly, wherever the elements of neediness and indigence are found, the mercy of Allah would be there. The mercy of Allah comes down on the places of need as water flows to, and settles in, lower lands; for Allah, the Exalted, is kind and generous, and the Kind always takes care of the places of need and singles them out for his mercy.

Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a) says in the supplication of abu hamzah ath-thumali, “…give me due to my being poor, and have mercy upon me because of my weakness.” Thus, the Imam (‘a) takes up his neediness and weakness as means to attain the mercy of Allah.

It is, however, natural that this speech cannot be understood unrestrictively and as a sole factor for attaining Allah’s mercy, because there are other elements as well which are decisive in attracting Allah’s mercy. Likewise, there are obstacles which impede Allah’s mercy. Moreover, there is also the principle of trial (ibtila’) which is one of the norms of Allah in human life.

Hence, when we say that ‘neediness and poverty attract the mercy of Allah’, we ought to comprehend this speech within the framework of this comprehensive Divine system. Understanding this system entails by itself a wide horizon of knowledge which we do not intend to dwell on at the moment. I hope that Allah will grant me success (tawfiq) in the future to explain this reality in a manner worthy of it.

We find in the Qur’an instances of the presentation of neediness and poverty before Allah, the Exalted, in order to attract His mercy and attain the response (ijabah) from Him. Neediness has its own kind of response as supplication and petition have a

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response peculiar to them; for exhibiting ones neediness is in itself a kind of prayer.

The Holy Qur’an mentions these instances, ascribing them to the righteous servants of Allah. They are:

1. The neediness of Prophet Ayyub, the righteous servant of Allah, when he called upon Allah amidst affliction and trial:

“And Ayyub, when he called out to his Lord, ‘Indeed distress has befallen me, and You are the Most Merciful of the merciful.’ So We answered his prayer and removed his distress, and We gave him {back} his family along with others like them as a mercy from Us, and an admonition for the devout.”(1)

Although this phrase which is mentioned by the Qur’an, quoting it from this afflicted righteous servant, does not contain any prayer, Allah, the Exalted, says: “… So We answered his prayer and removed his distress”; as if presenting one’s neediness and poverty is also a kind of supplication.

2. The righteous servant, Dhu an-Nun (‘a), presents his indigence, neediness and the wrong he committed against himself before Allah, the Exalted, from the darkness of the belly of the fish, deep inside the sea,

“And the Man of the Fish, when he left in a rage, thinking that We would not put him to hardship. Then he cried out in the darkness: ‘There is no god except You! You are immaculate! I have indeed been among the wrongdoers.’ So We answered his prayer and delivered him from the agony; and thus do We deliver the faithful.”(2)

As exhibiting neediness is a kind of prayer, similarly the response (istijabah) would not be to the petition, rather to the neediness and indigence itself. In the above case, Prophet Yunus (‘a) did not utter more than these words, “There is no

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god except You! You are immaculate! I have indeed been among the wrongdoers”, but Allah answered him and delivered him from the agony (ghamm), “So We answered his prayer and delivered him from the agony.”

3. We find in the Qur’an the words of Prophet Musa (‘a) and his brother Harun (‘a) when Allah commanded them to take His message to Fir’awn. The Qur’an says:

“Let the two of you go to Fir’awn. Indeed he has rebelled. Speak to him in a soft manner; may be he will take admonition or fear. The two of them said, ‘Our Lord! We are indeed afraid that he will forestall us or will overstep the bounds.”(1)

They neither asked Allah to protect them from Fir’awn and his army, nor provide them with the security they needed, rather what they mentioned to Allah was their weakness and fear of oppression, power and transgression of Fir’awn, “We are indeed afraid that he will forestall us or will overstep the bounds”, and Allah answered their need for support and backing:

“He said, ‘Do not be afraid, for I will be with the two of you, hearing and seeing {whatever happens}.”(2)

4. The fourth example is in the words of Prophet Nuh (‘a), the righteous servant of Allah, when he presented before Allah his need for his son to be saved from the flood,

“Nuh called out to his Lord and said, ‘My Lord! My son is indeed from my family. Your promise is indeed true, and You are the fairest of all judges.”(3)

This is a polite petition from this righteous servant of Allah, for he did not even ask Allah to save his son, rather he only exhibited before Him his need that his son should be saved from drowning.

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In conclusion, neediness and indigence are among the places where the mercy of Allah descends.

Even the animals and plants attract Allah’s mercy but through their neediness and indigence. Thus, when they get thirsty, it is Allah who gives them to drink, and when they become hungry, it is He who satisfies and feeds them.

There is a lot to be said on this topic and I have explained part of it in my other book called ‘Open-heartedness’ (sharh as-Sadr), in the series of lessons from the Qur’an titled ‘Lessons from the Qur’an’ (rihab al-qur’an).

preserving me from sin, the one who frees me from my neediness.” This is the means of supplication.

“You are my object, none other; to You alone belongs my waking and my sleeplessness. Meeting You is the gladness of my eye, joining You the wish of my soul. Toward You is my yearning, in love for You my passionate longing, in inclining toward You my fervent craving.” This is the means of love.

Now let us contemplate on this phrase of the speech of the Imam (‘a) which is among the beautiful pieces of this supplication; as a prayer has a beauty just like that of the art and literature. He (‘a) says: “… for my aspiration has been cut off (inqita’) from everything but You, and my desire has turned toward You alone; You are my object, none other; to You alone belongs my waking and my sleeplessness, meeting You is the delight of my eye.”

Cut-off (inqita’) involves in meaning what attachment (ta’lluq) does not. This is why the Imam (‘a) does not say, ‘For my aspiration has been attached to none but You’, rather he says: ‘For my aspiration has been cut off from everything but You’; for attachment to Allah does not negate attachment to other than Him, even if one may be sincere in his attachment to Allah, whereas the concept of ‘cut-off’ entails both a positive and a negative meaning, as the meaning of inqita’ is ‘detachment from the creatures and turning toward Allah’. Detachment from the creatures is the negative significance intended by the Imam (‘a) from this phrase, whilst the positive significance intended by him from it is ‘the turning toward Allah’.

This is because sincerity (ikhlas) in love manifests itself in disjoining (fasl) and joining (wasl); disjoining from all other than Allah, and joining with Allah and those whom He loves and has commanded to love. These are, in fact, two sides of one issue.

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Hence, when ‘love’ becomes pure and free from insincerity, it would involve two things; association (wala’) and disassociation (bara’ah), attachment and detachment, and disconnection from ‘the creatures’ to Allah.

The same meaning is also contained in the second phrase which says: “…Toward You is my yearning”; for turning toward Allah entails the turning away (i’rad) and the turning toward (iqbal). Turning away from all other than Allah, and turning toward Allah, and toward that which He loves and has commanded us to carry out.

Thereafter comes the third emphasis on this reality and the most eloquent of it. It contains of the meaning of ‘love’ and ‘detachment from all other than Him’ what cannot be described and expressed by words, “You, and none other, are my object; to You alone belongs my waking and my sleeplessness.”

Wakefulness (sahar) and sleeplessness (suhad) are the opposite of sleep (nawm), with the difference that sahar is keeping the night awake in the state of intimacy (uns), while suhad is a kind of sleeplessness which occurs to a person when he is occupied with something of concern to him, such that it leaves him sleepless. In our case, this occupation with something of concern is yearning (hanin) and longing (shawq) for Allah.

Therefore, sahar and suhad represent two states among the states of love; intimacy and yearning. Intimacy with the remembrance of Allah and His presence such that the servant feels the presence of Allah in his supplication, remembrance, secret supplications and prayers (salat); and yearning for the meeting (liqa’) with Allah.

In fact, a lover experiences both the above states when he stands before Allah, as both of them have a role in leaving him sleepless when people are asleep and lose their consiousness and senses because of it.

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Nevertheless, sleeping is a human need, and each of the righteous and the wicked have their share of it, even the prophets and the truthful ones do sleep. But, there is a difference between one who takes from sleep to the extent of his need, the way he fulfills his need from eating and drinking, and between one who surrenders himself to sleep and is dominated by it. As for the friends (awliya’) of Allah, they do not surrender themselves to sleep; rather sleep is a need for them and they take their share from it.

The Holy Prophet (S) did not use to sleep but a little in order to be able to stand before Allah. He (S) also used to order for the water of ablution (wadu’) to be kept at his head so that he may stand before Allah every time after he had taken his share from this natural need. A soft and comfortable mattress would be spread for him but he would order it to be taken away lest it should gradually lead him to submit to sleep. Instead, he would sleep on a rough mat such that it would leave an impression on his side.

Allah, the Exalted, has indeed placed in the calmness of the night treasures of His whispered prayers, remembrance and proximity which cannot be found in the daytime. The night has its own men, as the day has its own; they stand in prayers when people are asleep; they get zealous and lively when people are dull; and they ascend toward Allah when people submit themselves to sleep and fall into their beds.

The night has its dominion (dawlah) as has the day. There are treasures at night as there are treasures at daytime. Normally people know well of the dominion of the daytime, its men and treasures. Few among the people are aware of the value of the dominion of the night, its treasures and its men. If a person combines the dominion of the night with that of the day, then such a man is sound, rightly guided and well balanced.

The Holy Prophet (S) was the man of both, the night and the daytime, utilizing from both of them in equal proportion. He

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would take love, sincerity and remembrance from the night, as he would acquire power, strength and wealth from the daytime in order to pave the way for propagation of the message of Islam and strengthening it.

Nonetheless, the vigil at night used to help him and make it possible for him to carry the heavy load of Prophethood. He, the Exalted, says in this regard:

“O you wrapped up in your mantle! Stand vigil through the night, except a little, a half, or reduce a little from that, or add to it, and recite the Qur’an in a measured tone. Indeed soon We shall cast on you a weighty word. Indeed the watch of the night is firmer in tread and more upright in respect to speech, for indeed during the day you have drawn-out engagements.”(1)

It would delight me to relate a Divine Narration here regarding the night and its men. It has been narrated that Allah, the Exalted, once revealed to one of the truthful ones and said:

“I have servants from among my creatures who love Me, so I love them; they yearn for Me and I yearn for them; they remember Me and I remember them; they gaze at Me and I gaze at them. If you follow in their way, I shall love you; and if you turn away from them, I shall hate you.

He said, ‘O Lord, what are their characteristics?’

He {the Exalted} answered, ‘They watch the shadow during daytime just like a kind shepherd watches his sheep(2); they crave for sunset just as a bird craves for her nest at sunset. When the night covers them and the darkeness gets intense and the mats are spread and the beds are prepared and every lover retires with his beloved, they rise to their feet for Me, they spread their faces

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toward Me, they secretly call on Me with My speech, and they cling onto Me with My melody.

You will find some of them crying and lamenting, and moaning and complaining; while some others {in the position of} standing and sitting, bowing down and prostrating. I see what they endure because of Me, and I hear their complain out of love for Me.

The foremost of what I give them are three things: I cast of my light into their hearts such that they talk of Me and I talk of them; if the heavens and the earth were to be in their scales (mawazin), I would undervalue that for them; and I turn toward them with My face. Can you tell Me of anyone who is aware of what I intend to give him toward whom I have turned with My face?”(1)

Imam al-Baqir (‘a) is narrated to have said, “Among the things that Allah had revealed to Musa (‘a) was, ‘He is a liar who thinks that he loves Me but when the night falls he forgets Me. O son of ‘Imran! Had you only seen those who stand for Me in the darkness while I have become incarnate before their eyes, addressing Me while I am far above to be seen, and talking to Me while I cannot be {physically} present. O son of ‘Imran! Give Me tears from your eyes, and humility from Your heart; thereafter call on Me in the darkness of the nights and you will find Me Nearmost, Answering.”(2)

In the sermon of al-Muttaqin (the Godwary), Imam Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a) -describing for Hammam the state of the friends of Allah in their secret prayers at night, their remembrance and standing before Allah, says:

“At night they rise on their feet {for prayers}, reading parts of the Qur’an in a measured tone, creating through it grief for themselves and taking counsel with it for the cure of their ailments. If they come across a verse which arouses desire {for

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the Heaven}, they pursue it avidly, and their spirits turn toward it eagerly, and they feel as if it is in front of them.

And when they come across a verse which fills with fear {of the Fire}, they bend the ears of their hearts toward it, and feel as though the sound of Hell and its cries are reaching their ears. They bend themselves from their backs, prostrate on their foreheads, palms, knees and toes, beseeching Allah, the Exalted, to set {them} free {from the Fire}. In the daytime, they are enduring, learned, virtuous and Godwary. Fear {of Allah} has made them thin like arrows…”(1)

the Lord of lords, their spirits have reached certitude through triumph and prosperity, their eyes have been gladdened through gazing upon their Beloved, their settling place has been settled through reaching the request and attaining the expectation, and their commerce has profited through the sale of this world for the next.

O Allah, how agreeable for hearts are the thoughts inspiring Your remembrance, how sweet traveling to You through imagination upon the roads of the unseen worlds, how pleasant the taste of Your love, how delightful the drink of Your nearness! So give us refuge from Your casting out and Your sending far, and make us among the most elect of Your knowers, the most righteous of Your servants, the most truthful of Your obeyers, and the most sincere of Your worshippers.”

I do not intend to stop here and ponder upon this prayer which is among the magnificent pieces of prayers from the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a).

But I would like to briefly explain the phrase with which Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) begins his prayer. He says: “O Allah, make us among those within the gardens of whose breasts the trees of yearning for You have taken firm root, and the assemblies of whose hearts have been seized by the ardour of Your love.”

The breasts (sudur) of the friends of Allah –as it appears from the speech of the Imam- are gardens of delight containing delicious fruits.

Generally, the breasts of the people are of different kinds. Some breasts are libraries and schools of learning. No doubt knowledge is good and light (nur) provided the breast remains a garden of yearning toward Allah.

Some other breasts are like shops, banks, and stock markets, crowded with numbers, tables and charts, and the accounts of profit and loss. Wealth and trade are good, but with the condition that they should not become activities which occupy the heart and the breast of a person, such that they become his only concern which do not part with him.

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Yet there are breasts which are similar to salty lands in that they produce but thorns, colocynth, poison, hatred, tussle for acquiring wealth and power, and deceit and plots against others.

There are breasts which are places of entertainment and playgrounds, the way this world (ad-dunya) is a play and diversion for a large number of people.

And there are people whose breasts are divided into two parts; a part for poison, hatred, deception and trickery, and a part for amusement and sport. Consequently, when the first part agitates them and makes them restless, they would take resort to the second part and seek help from it in order to rescue themselves from the torment of the first part.

But as for the breasts of the friends (awliya’) of Allah, they are –as put by Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a)– gardens of yearning (shawq), filled with joy, delightful fruits, and wherein the trees of yearning have taken firm root.

Therefore, the yearning toward Allah is not something extrinsic to their breasts such that it would disappear under the compulsion of their lowly desires, or in case this world were to glamorize itself for them; nor would it diminish or its leaves wilt if this world were to cause constrain over them, or they were encircled by its hardships; for as long as the trees of shawq are firmly rooted in these breasts, they would remain leafy, verdant, and fruitful despite all obstacles and difficulties.

The state of yearning is in fact the state of the lightness (khiffah) of the soul; a state contrary to that of heaviness (tathaqul) and being inclined toward this world which is refered to in the following holy verse:

“…What is the matter with you that when you are told: ‘Go forth in the way of Allah’, you sink heavily to

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the ground? Are you pleased with the life of this world instead of the Hereafter?”(1)

Indeed the soul becomes burdensome and bloated whenever one becomes attached to this world and gets pleased with it and is inclined toward it. In contrast, if one is freed from this world and plucks out his self from it(2), he would become spiritually light and, subsequently, easily attracted to the love of Allah and yearning toward Him.

This much of the discussion on the illustrations of love, shawq, and intimacy from the texts of the supplications of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) seems to be enough. We will now take up another discussion regarding the ‘love of Allah’.

‘love for Allah’ (al-hubb lillah) and ‘hatred for Allah’ (al-bughd lillah).

However, sincerity in the love for Allah is not among the requirements of faith and tawhid, rather it has to do with the truthful ones (siddiqin) and their spiritual stations (maqamat). For Allah, the Exalted, enables His friends and His righteous servants to free their hearts from all kinds of love other than the love of Him.

Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “The heart (qalb) is the sanctuary (haram) of Allah. Thus, do not settle in the sanctuary of Allah someone other than Allah.”(1)

This is a characteristic peculiar to the heart. The bodily parts move in life in different directions and embark on a variety of affairs which Allah has allowed and permitted. But with regard to the heart, it has been considered as the haram of Allah in which love of other than Allah and attachment to other than Him ought not to dwell.

The reference to the ‘heart’ in the above narration as ‘a sanctuary’ is precise and of significance; for a sanctuary is a guarded area and closed upon every stranger. Its inhabitants are not harmed nor do they experience any fear, and no stranger can enter it. Thus the heart is, the secured sanctuary of Allah; no love other than the love of Allah can enter into it, and no harm or evil can touch it while it is in the heart.

It is due to this very reason that the truthful ones and the sages from the servants of Allah wholly dedicate their love to Allah, such that they never associate His love with any other love, whatever it may be, unless if it is in extension to the love of Allah.

In the following prayer, we can sense the ardour of love and the trueness of sincerity in the love of Allah in the words of Imam

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Zayn al-’Abidin (‘a), “O my Master, toward You is my desire, to You is my fear, and toward You is my aspiration. My hope has driven me to You; and onto You, O the One, I have placed my determination, and on what You possess I have unfolded my wish.

For You are my earnest hope and fear, with You my love has become accustomed, and to You I have surrendered myself, and to the rope of Your obedience I have fastened my fear. O my Lord, my heart is living with Your remembrance, and in confiding to You do I cool within myself the agony of fear…”(1)

In this part of the supplication, the Imam (‘a) ties his desire, fear and hope altogether to Allah, placing all his resolution on Him, and dedicating to Him his earnest hope and fear.

The Holy Prophet (S) is narrated to have said, “Love Allah whole-heartedly.”(2)

In one of his supplications, Imam ‘Ali bin al-Husayn (‘a) says: “O Allah, I ask You to fill my heart with love of You, awe of You, belief in You, faith in You, fear of You, and yearning toward You.”(3)

When the love of Allah and yearning toward Him fills the heart of a servant, there would remain no vacant place in his heart for another love apart from that of Allah, unless if the other love is in extension to His love, and, in this case, it would be counted as the love of Allah and yearning toward Him.

In his prayer at the beginning of the holy month of Ramadan, Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “Send blessings on Muhammad and his Progeny, occupy my heart with the great of Your affair, and

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send love of You to it until I meet You {on the Day of Judgement} with blood gushing forth from my jugular vein.”(1)

This statement implies sincerity in love for Allah, as His love becomes the only thing occupying the heart, and its only concern which does not part it.

found You? Indeed he who is pleased with other than You as a substitute has gone wrong.”(1)

I would like to relate in this regard an enlightening story which Shaykh Hasan al-Banna has narrated in his book Mudhakarat ad-Da’wah wa ud-Da’iyah. He says that Allah, the Exalted, had blessed Shaykh Shalabi, one of the Egyptian scholars in mysticism and ethics, with a daughter in the later stages of his life. The Shaykh was extremely fond of her and loved her passionately, such that he would not separate from her even after she had grown up. His love for her was on increase as she grew up and became young.

On the eve of the birth anniversary of Holy Prophet (S) , Shaykh al-Banna, together with a group of his friends, visited Shaykh ash-Shalabi as they were coming back from a gathering -near the house of the Shaykh- held due to this auspicious occasion, and sat with him for a while. As they intended to leave, the Shaykh told them with a gentle smile on his face, “By the will of Allah, visit me tomorrow so that we may bury {my daughter,} Ruhiyyah.”

This daughter was the only child he was blessed with after eleven years of his marriage. He would not separate from her even while at work. Now she was grown up and was in the prime of youth. He named her ‘Ruhiyyah’ as her position to him was that of a spirit to the body.

Shaykh al-Banna says that we were astonished and thus asked him, “When did she pass away?” He replied, “Today, just before sunset.” We said, “Why did you not inform us, so that we could have taken out the funeral procession from another house?” He said, “But what has happened? {This auspicious occasion} has lessened our grief, and the funeral ceremony has

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changed to a happy occasion. Do you still want a greater blessing from Allah than this?”

Hence, the discussion changed into a lesson in mysticism given by the Shaykh. He saw the reason behind the death of his daughter as the jealosy (ghayrah) of Allah for the heart of His servant; for Allah is greatly concerned about the hearts of His righteous servants lest they should be attached to other than Him, or turn toward someone apart from Him.

The Shaykh cited the example of Prophet Ibrahim (‘a) and how he was attached to his son Isma’il, thus Allah commanded him to slaughter him; and the example of Ya’qub and his fondness toward Yusuf, due to which Allah separated him from Ya’qub for a number of years. This is why the heart of a person ought not to be attached to other than Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, otherwise he would be dishonest in the claim of His love.

Then the Shaykh brought the story of Fudayl bin ‘Ayad when he was holding the hand of his little daughter and kissed it. So she said to him, “Dear father, do you love me?” He replied, “Yes, my little daughter.” She said, “By Allah, I did not think of you to be a liar until today!” He said, “And how is that? Why would I lie?!” She answered, “For I thought that because of the state of God-wary you are in, you would not love anyone else.” So the man wept and said, “O my Master! Even the small children have unveiled the pretension (riya’) of Your servant, Fudayl!”

And the like of these anecdotes with which Shaykh ash-Shalabi tried to calm us and avert what had struck us of grief due to the calamity which had befallen him, and the state of our being ashamed because of spending that night with him.

So we left and came back the next morning and buried Ruhiyyah. We did not hear any voice of wailing, nor did anyone utter a distasteful word. We did not see but manifestations of patience and submission to Allah, the High, the Great.

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No doubt that this love in the speech of the Prophet (S) is a love which is in extension to the love of Allah. The dearest of these three to the heart of the Messenger of Allah (S) is indeed the prayers, as it is the delight of his eyes. And there is no doubt in the fact that the Prophet’s love for them was in extension to his love of Allah.

Therefore, ‘sincerity in love of Allah’ does not lead to destruction of the human nature or cause disturbance in it. Rather, it entails a reconstruction of the structure of love and hatred in human life based on this new criterion presented by Islam.

Accordingly, the natural love and inclination of man remains intact, but within a new arrangement, which, in fact, contributes to the strengthening of one’s love of Allah, instead of weakening it and causing confusion in it.

For this very reason there has been enormous emphasis in the Islamic narrations on the value of ‘love of Allah and for Allah’. For instance, Imam ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (‘a) is narrated to have said, “Love for Allah is the closest kinship.”(1)

He is also reported to have said, “Love of Allah is much stronger than the womb relation.”(2)

The above expression is precise and depends on an important intellectual principle. There is indeed a diversity of blood relationships and close ties in the lives of the people. The firmest of these relations is the womb relation. Now, according to the above tradition, the relation with Allah is much stronger even than the womb relation. Thus, if a person ties his love and attachment to this relation, and if he succeeds in organizing his

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love and hatred based on it, then all his relations would become the strongest and the most perfect of relations.

The reason they would become the firmest of relations is that if a relation is for the sake of other than Allah, then it is prone to change and upheaval, as it can be affected with things which can alter the attitude of a person toward the other. But if the love of a person for his brother in faith is for the sake of Allah, then it would be firm and strong, and more enduring in the face of different conflicting elements and factors.

‘Sincerity in love of Allah’ not only does not negate the natural attachments of a human being, but it also strengthens and consolidates it after he has organized them based on the ‘main course’ {i.e. the course of the love of Allah}, which plays an exclusive role in directing the love of the truthful ones (siddiqin) and the friends of Allah.

Thus, the best of the people in the eyes of Allah would be the one who is more loving toward his brother in faith, for the sake of Allah. Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) says: “No two believers meet except that the best of them is the one more ardent in love for his brother.”(1)

He (‘a) is also reported to have said, “Those who love each other for the sake of Allah shall be on the pulpits of light on the Day of Judgement, such that the light of their bodies and the light of their pulpits would illuminate every thing to the extent that they will be known by it; and it will be said {about them}, ‘These are those who love each other for the sake of Allah.”(2)

It has been narrated that Allah, the Exalted, once revealed onto Musa bin ‘Imran (‘a), “Have you ever performed a deed for Me? He answered, ‘I have performed prayers (salat) for You, I

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have fasted {for You}, I have given charity {for You}, and I have been remembering You.’

So Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, said, ‘As for the prayers, they are your proof (burhan); fasting is {your} shield (junnah); charity is {your} shade (zill); and the remembrance is {your} light (nur). So which deed have you performed for Me?’ Musa (‘a) said, ‘Show me a deed which is solely for You.’ He {the Exalted} said, ‘O Musa! Have you ever loved a friend of Mine for My sake, or have you ever hated My enemy for My sake?’ Thus Musa came to know that the best of deeds is the love for Allah and hatred for Allah.”(1)

This narration is profound in meaning, for one may perform prayers out of love for Allah, as he may perform it so that it may serve as a proof for him in the Heaven. Likewise, he may fast out of his love for Allah, as he may do so in order for it to serve as a protective shield for him against the Fire. But love of the friends of Allah and hatred of His enemies cannot be except out of one’s love for Him, the Exalted.

covers their shortcomings, grants them success, guides them to the right path, takes care of them with His patronage and grace, and averts evil and calamity from them. All these are signs of His love toward his servants.

Your love, complete for us the lights of Your knowledge, give us to taste the sweetness of Your pardon and the pleasure of Your forgiveness, gladden our eyes on the day of meeting You with the vision of You, dislodge the love of this world from our hearts, just as You have done for the righteous, Your selected friends, and for the pious, those whom You have singled out, by Your mercy, O Most Merciful of the merciful.”

In the supplement mentioned by Sayyid Ibn Tawus to the supplication of Imam al-Husayn (‘a) on the Day of ‘Arafah, the Imam (‘a) supplicates to Allah with the following verses, “How can Your existence be proved through him who is dependent on You? Does other than You have an appearance (zuhur) which You do not possess, such that he would become the one to expose You? When have You become invisible such that You have needed a proof to point You out? And when have You been far away such that the effects (athar) would lead {us} to You? Blind is the eye which does not see You watchful over itself, and the deal of one whom You have not given a share out of Your love is in loss…

Guide me to You through Your light, and make me stand before You with true servanthood… and protect me through Your protected secret… and make me travel on the roads of the people of attraction (ahl al-jadhb). O Allah, suffice me from planning for myself through your planning for me, and from my choice through Your choosing for me, and keep me away from cases of anxiety and restlessness…

You are the one who has caused the {rays of} light to shine on the hearts of Your friends such that they recognized You and attested to Your Oneness; You are the one who has removed {the love of} others from the hearts of Your lovers, such that they loved none but You and did not take resort to other than You; You are their companion when they are left lonely by the worlds, and You are the one who has guided them after they have been distanced from the signs and proofs. What has he found one who has lost You?

And what has he lost one who has found You? Indeed he who is pleased with other than You as a substitute has gone

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wrong, and verily one who has sought other than You in exchange is in loss. How can one aspire for other than You whilst You have not stopped {Your} benevolence? And how can one ask from other than You while You have not changed {Your} way of generosity?

O He who has made His lovers taste the sweetness of intimacy such that they stood before Him in praise; and O He who has clothed His friends with the clothes of His awe such that they stood before Him pleading for forgiveness… O Allah, seek me by Your mercy until I reach You, and attract me by Your favour so that I may turn toward You.”(1)

forgiveness and covering, and that which ascends from the servants to Allah of evil and ugly deeds, gives rise to a sense of shame in a servant toward his Master, as he returns the love and affection from Him with avoidance and hatred toward Him. And how miserable and wretched is a man who returns Allah’s love for him and His exhibition of His love for him, by avoiding Him and turning away from Him.

Just ponder over these words of the supplication of al-iftitah from Imam al-Hujjah (‘a), “You call me and I turn away from You, You show me affection and I show hatred towards You, You display Your love for me and I do not accept {it} from You, as though I am above You. But this did not prevent You from having mercy on me, being good to me, and favouring me.”

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We have incredible riches of supplications in the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) and subtle concepts in the whispered prayers (munajat) transmitted to us from them.

Shaykh Amin al-Islam at-Tabrasi (d.548 H) says in his book A’lam al-Wara, “Four thousand of the well-known scholars have narrated {reports} from Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) and they have compiled four hundred writings known as al-usul out of his answers to different questions. The practice of the compilers of the usul (may Allah have mercy on them) was to give importance to the recording and writing of what they heard from the A’immah of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a).”

In his book ash-Shamsayn, Shaykh al-Baha’i says: “It has reached us from our masters (mashayikh) -may Allah have mercy upon them– that it was the practice of the compilers of the usul that whenever they heard a hadith from one of the A’immah (‘a), they would immediately record it in their usul so that they might not forget part or all of it in the long run.”

It was due to this fact that these treatises (al-usul) were relied upon by the scholars, such that if they related a tradition from them they would consider it as correct and reliable.

After mentioning the Four Hundred Treatises in chapter twenty nine of his book ar-rawashih, Muhaqqiq ad-damad asserts, “Let it be known that narrating {a tradition} from the authentic and reliable {Four Hundred} usul is one of the fundamental criteria (arkan) for the authentication of a tradition (riwayah).”

In fact, a great number of the companions of the A’immah (‘a) had undertaken the responsibility of writing the usul such that it is not possible to give a detailed account neither of their names nor their treatises. Shaykh at-Tusi (may Allah have mercy on them) says in this regard in the beginning of al-Fihrist, “And I do not guarantee to give a complete anthology; for the writings of our associates (ashab) and their treatises (usul) are almost unrecordable due to their being scattered in different cities.”

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However, their number is certainly not less than four hundred, as it has been stated by Muhaqqiq Agha Buzurg at-Tahrani in his work adh-dhari’ah.(1)

In his previously mentioned work, Muhaqqiq ad-Damad says: “It is common that the Four Hundred Treatises have been written down by four hundred writers from the disciples of Abu ‘Abdillah as-Sadiq (‘a). Moreover, there were around four thousand people attending his sittings and relating from him. Their books and writings are many, but those which have come to be considered as authentic, and are relied upon, and which have been named as al-usul, are these Four Hundred Treatises.”

of them were handwritten by authentic scholars and they were their notable treatises (usul). It was burnt along with other parts of Karakh when Tughril Beg, the first king of the Saljuq dynasty, entered Baghdad in 447 H. Among these books which were set on fire by Tughril Beg were the books of supplications transmitted from the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a).”

After quoting these words of al-Hamawi, Muhaqqiq at-Tahrani (may Allah have mercy on him) says: “I say that it is suspected that part of the books of this library –which was endowed for the Shi’ah and established for them in their location, in the Karakh of Baghdad- were the treatises on supplication (al-usul ad-du’aiyyah) which the earlier companions of the A’mmah (‘a) had narrated from them. In the biographies of each of them(1), the masters of rijal have accredited to each of them a book which they referred to as kitab al-ad’iyah(2), stating their chain of narration to that book from its author.”(3)

remained up until the time of Ibn Idris al-Hilli (may Allah have mercy on him) from which he compiled Mustatrafat as-Sara’ir.

and the library of his teacher Sharif al-Murtada- traditions of jurisprudence (ahadith al-ahkam) and thus compiled Tahdhib al-Ahkam and al-Istibsar, and also compiled Misbah al-Mutahajjid consisting of supplications and a’mal, which he extracted from the earlier treatises (usul) as far as those who spend the night in vigil (mutahajjidin) could endure.

The third volume: Zahrat ar-rabi’ fi ad’iyat al-asabi’.

The fourth volume: Jamal al-usbu’ bi kamal al-’amal al-mashru’.

The fifth volume: Ad-duru’ al-waqiyat min al-akhtar.

The sixth volume: Al-midmar li as-Sibaq wa al-lihaq.

The seventh volume: As-Salik al-muhtaj ila ma’rifat manasik al-hujjaj.

The eigth and ninth volumes: Al-iqbal bil a’mal al-hasanat fima nadhkuruhu mimma yu’mal miqatan wahidan kulla sanat.

The tenth volume: I have named it As-Sa’adat bil ‘ibadat allati laysa laha waqtun mahtum wa ma’lum fi ar-riwayat bal waqtuha bi hasab al-hadithat al-muqtadiyat wal-adawat al-muta’alliqat biha.

If Allah grants me success to complete these books based on what I anticipate of His grace, then I hope that each of these books be the first of its kind which no one has preceded me with the like of it, and I hope them to be among the essentials for he who intends to do ‘ibadah and prepare himself for the return (ma’ad) before death.

I have named the first part: Falah as-Sa’il wa najah as-Sa’il fi ‘amal yawm wa laylat.

The second part: Zahrat ar-rabi’ fi ad’iyat al-asabi’.

The third part: Ar-ruju‘ fi Ziyarat wa ziyadat salawat wa da’awat al-usbu‘ fi al-layl wa an-nahar.

The fourth part: Al-iqbal bi al-a’mal al-hasanat fima yu’mal marratan wahidah kulla sanat.

The fifth part: Asrar as-Salawat wa anwar ad-da’awat.

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If Allah, the Majestic, allows me to author this final volume, then I would withhold it the rest of my life, unless he who has the permission allows me to give it to someone before my death.”(1)

among the earlier works on supplication, like Rawdat al-’Abidin of al-Karajaki (d.449 H).

4. Shaykh al-Baha’i (d.1031 H), the author of Miftah al-Falah.

5. Muhaddith Fayd al-Kashani (d.1091 H), the author of Khulasat al-Adhkar.

6. Al-Majlisi (d.1111 H). He is the one who collected and preserved {the ahadith}, and thereafter compiled them in the volumes of al-Bihar in Arabic, and in Zad al-Ma’ad, Tuhfat al-Za’ir, Miqbah al-Masabih, Rabi’ al-Asabi’ and Miftah al-Ghayb, which are all in Persian.”(1)

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Indeed there is a Divine decree (qadar) and destiny (qada’) with regard to each and every thing in the universe, such that there is no way for man to refrain from it, as it is an irrevocable Divine will (iradah).

In this case, what is the position of supplication in relation to this Divine will? Can supplication change something which has been subjected to the invariable will of Allah and is already in His knowledge? What is the benefit of supplication if it cannot alter the definite Divine decree and destiny? And if supplication has a role in changing the Divine decree and destiny, then how is this accomplished?

In order to answer this question, it is necessary to enter into the issue of the Divine decree and destiny, and also the issue of bada’. Since addressing this issue might take us away from our current discussion on prayer (du’a’) to a philosophical discussion, we will try to avoid the philosophical complexities of the issue, talking about it lightly and briefly to the extent that it is related to the answer.

3. “Indeed your Lord does whatever He desires.”(1)

4. “All that We say to a thing, when We will it, is to say to it ‘Be!’ and it is.”(2)

5. “Had Allah willed, He would have taken away their hearing and sight.”(3)

6. “But Allah singles out for His mercy whomever He wishes.”(4)

7. “Allah provides whomever He wishes without any reckoning.”(5)

8. “And Allah gives His kingdom to whomever He wishes.”(6)

9. “Say, ‘O Allah, Master of all sovereignty! You give sovereignty to whomever You wish, and strip sovereignty of whomever You wish; You make mighty whomever You wish, and You abase whomever You wish; all good is in Your hand. Indeed You have power over all things.’”(7)

10. “If He wishes, He will take you away, O mankind, and bring others {in your place}.”(8)

The Qur’an is replete with these verses and the like of them. They are clear in that Allah, the Exalted, has the absolute power over the universe, nothing can delimit Him, render Him incapable, or stop Him from doing what He wishes. He has

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power over everything; He does what He wants and He is not questioned about anything, but they are questioned.

The Jews had a belief that the will (iradah) of Allah is subject to the general system of causality which reigns over the universe and history. According to them, Allah has no control on the universe or history after He has created them. Referring to this view, the Qur’an says:

“The Jews say, ‘Allah’s hand is tied up.’ Tied up be their hands, and cursed be they for what they say! Rather, His hands are wide open.”(1)

Hence, there is no doubt in whatever we have mentioned above, and the Qur’an is clear in all that and in condemning the Jews for what they believe in.

He changes its entity to something other than fire but which resembles fire.

Therefore, there is no way to entertain the opinion that the dominion of the will of Allah over the universe and history implies the suspension of the law of causality.

In this case, what then can be the relation between the Divine will and the principle of causality?

sign of His mercy so that they may raise the clouds. Thereafter, He would send to them rainfall which would cause their lands to produce what Allah has deposited in it of His mercy.

In conclusion, when Allah intends to shower His blessings on a people, He blesses them through its means (asbab). Similarly, when He decides to punish a people, He does so through its means.

With regard to His punishment on the people of Fir’awn, Allah says:

“Certainly We afflicted Pharaoh’s clan with droughts (sinin) and loss of produce, so that they may take admonition.”(1)

According to this verse, the punishment on the people of Pharoah and their admonition was accomplished through the drought. ‘Sinin’ in the above verse is the plural of ‘sanat’ which means drought

In brief, if Allah willed to bless a community, He would do so by employing its means, such as the winds and the clouds. On the contrary, if He intended to punish a people, He would do so through its specified means, such as drought and shortage of rainfall.

This verse has clear indication to the point we have just mentioned. Allah, the Exalted, guides a people or misleads them by means of their own deeds. Therefore, when He wills to guide a given community, He will employ for this purpose a means (sabab) which would actualize what He has willed, thus He opens their breasts to Islam. In contrast, if He desires a people to go astray, He will employ means which would actualize what He has desired; accordingly He makes their breasts narrow and straitened.

2. “And when We desire to destroy a town, We command its affluent ones {to obey Allah}, but they commit transgression in it, and so the word becomes due against it, and We destroy it utterly.”(1)

According to this verse, when Allah intends to annihilate a nation because of their own actions, He would take up a means (sabab) which would lead to their corruption. Thus, He would make them affluent, and this affluency (tarf) would lead the affluent ones to transgression (fisq); as a result, the word would become due against them.

3. “When Allah promised you {victory over} one of the two companies, {saying}, ‘It is for you’, you were eager that it should be the one that was unarmed. But Allah desires to confirm the truth with His words, and to root out the faithless.”(2)

When Allah had willed to establish the truth (haqq) and wipe off the infidels through those of the Muslims who stood by the Holy Prophet (S) , He chose for them the way of ‘arms’ as a means to actualize this aim.

In the same manner that Allah has made the way of arms and munitions a means for the perfection of the Muslims, their

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guardianship and leadership over the people on the face of this earth, similarly He has made the affliction with comfort (lin) and affluency (tarf) a means for the eradication of a nation whose destruction Allah has already ordained.

4. “So let not their wealth and children impress you; Allah only desires to punish them with these in the life of this world, and that their souls may depart while they are faithless.”(1)

Thus Allah takes up from among their wealth and offspring a means (sabab) to punish and destroy them.

1. “Whatever mercy Allah unfolds for the people, no one can withhold it; and whatever He withholds, no one can release it after Him, and He is the All-mighty, the All-wise.”(1)

2. “Indeed Allah carries through His command.”(2)

3. “If Allah helps you, no one can overcome you, but if He forsakes you, who will help you after Him?”(3)

4. “And when Allah wishes to visit ill on a people, there is nothing that can avert it, and they have no protector besides Him.”(4)

5. “Indeed your Lord does whatever He desires.”(5)

6. “Indeed Allah does whatever He desires.”(6)

This is what exactly the meaning of Allah’s dominion over the universe means,

“…the Sovereign, the All-holy, All-benign, the Securer, the Dominant…”(7)

(mashi’ah) of Allah, and not dominant over it; rather it is the iradah of Allah which is dominant over this law.

Nonetheless, the command of the will of Allah over the law of causation does not mean the annulment or suspension of this law, and how can this be possible when this law is among the creations of Allah, as mentioned earlier. Rather, it means that Allah, the Exalted, suspends what He wills out of these means (asbab) and makes effectual what He desires of them. He freely acts in the universe and thus gives sovereignty to whomever He wishes, and strips sovereignty of whomever He wishes, but through its specified means.

It is due to this very reason that man is unable to predict the future of the universe and history in respect to their causes, as the will of Allah may intervene in the affair, changing the means and causes according to His desire.

For instance, if anyone of us were to predict the future of a battle between a powerful and a weak army, he would foresee victory for the strong army and defeat for the weaker side. But if Allah wills the weaker side to triumph over the powerful side, He would arrange for that causes (asbab) which are normally unexpected. Thus, He would cast fear in the hearts of the stronger side, and strength and resolution in the hearts of the smaller army. He would make the move of the smaller side steady and sound, causing their affairs to run to their benefit; and the move of the other side unsteady, causing them to commit military errors. Accordingly, the smaller army would overpower the larger army by the will of Allah.

A large or small number is not the only factor which determines the fate of a battle. However, this does not mean that a large number is not among the factors of victory, or the ‘small number’ is not among the factors of defeat; rather what we mean is that victory has other factors as well, as ‘defeat’ has different factors.

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Accordingly, when Allah wills the triumph of the smaller party, He would prepare for them its factors, as they are in His hand; similarly, if He wills the larger party to get defeated, He would pave the way for their defeat, as this also is in His hand. He, the Exalted, says:

“Those who were certain they will encounter Allah said, ‘How many a small party has overcome a larger party by Allah’s will! And Allah is with the patient.’”(1)

triumph would become triumphant, and those whom they could not think of being defeated would get defeated; the oppressed would come to power, and the kings would be humiliated.

He wishes, and with Him is the Mother of the Book.” He (‘a) then said, “Anything which is willed by Allah is there in His knowledge before He creates it. Nothing appears to Him (yabdu lahu) except that it is in His knowledge {from before}. Indeed Allah does not come to know {something} after being ignorant of it.”(1)

‘Ammar bin Musa narrates that once Imam As-Sadiq (‘a) was asked about the verse, “Allah effaces and confirms whatever He wishes…” He (‘a) answered, “Indeed that book is a book {from} which Allah effaces and confirms whatever He wishes. It is from it that supplication (du‘a’) averts the Divine destiny (qada’). It is written on such a du‘a’ that this is the one through which the qada’ is averted. But when the matter ends up to the Mother of the Book (umm al-kitab), then the supplication will have no effect on it.”(2)

Therefore, Allah establishes whatever He desires from this universal system which is operating by His command based on the law of causation, and obliterates from it whatever He wishes.

For example, the natural course of causes may require a person to die of a particular illness. Here, Allah may confirm it, and accordingly the course of causes would lead to his death by His will and command; or He may efface it if He wishes, hence He would pave the way for his well-being through its specified means.

Consequently, the phenomenon of obliteration (mahw) would come to transpire in the universe. But with regard to the Mother of the Book, there does not occur any obliteration or change in it, as it is not possible that Allah would come to know of something He was initially unaware of it.

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The obliteration occurs in the world of creation (takwin) -which is functioning based on the system of cause and effect- according to the Divine wisdom (hikmah) and mercy (rahmah).

Hence, when the wisdom and mercy of Allah necessitates a change in the course of events in the universe or a society, He would prepare for this change its specified means, and efface what was to transpire in the universe or a society based on the law of causation, were it not for the will of Allah.

This system is subject to the command of Allah both at times of obliteration and affirmation, and the power of Allah is in force within it. Thus, if Allah confirms something in it, it will come to take place by His will and order; and if He alters and effaces it, it shall change by His command and power.

and-effect system, prompts a person to take resort to Allah in all his needs and affairs. And the most effective way in attracting man to Allah and tying him to Him is supplication to Allah for his needs and requirements, at times of difficulties.

In contrast, if man finds no way to change the Divine decree and destiny, and does not see any advantage or benefit in supplication with respect to changing the course of events, he would not take resort to Allah for his needs and requirements.

The reason people take refuge in Allah is because they believe that there are two kinds of Divine destiny (qada’); a definite destiny which has been written by Allah in the Mother of the Book, and which in no way can change or alter; and an indefinite destiny which is subject to change and alteration by the will of Allah. Thus, people take resort to Allah for His response (ijabah) to their needs and prayers.

3. Asking for forgiveness (istighfar):

“But Allah will not punish them while you are in their midst, nor will Allah punish them while they plead for forgiveness.”(1)

4. Supplication (du’a’) and calling out to Allah:

a. “And before that Nuh, when he called out, We responded to him and delivered him and his family from the great agony.”(2)

b. “And Ayyub, when he called out to his Lord, ‘Indeed distress has befallen me, and You are the most merciful of the merciful.’ So We answered his prayer and removed his distress, and We gave him {back} his family along with others like them, as a mercy from Us, and an admonition for the devout.”(3)

c. “And the Man of the Fish, when he left in a rage, thinking that We would not put him to hardship. Then he cried out in the darkness, ‘There is no God except You! You are immaculate! I have indeed been among the wrongdoers!’ So We answered his prayer and delivered him from the agony, and thus do We deliver the faithful.”(4)

In conclusion, the rule of Allah, the Exalted, extends all over the universe, and there is nothing in it which can limit His dominion or render Him incapable. However, this dominion prevails through the very chain of causes (asbab) without suspending the cause-and-effect system.

Moreover, Allah effaces from this system whatever He wishes by His power and command, and confirms whatever He desires by His will. The phenomena of obliteration (mahw) and affirmation (ithbat) take place only in the book of creation

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(kitab at-Takwin), and not in the Mother of the Book (umm al-kitab).

If He obliterates something in creation, it is according to His wisdom and mercy. This obliteration is the very phenomenon of bada’ regarding which there are many traditions from the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a).

Allah, the Exalted, brings about bada’ due to many reasons, among them being istighfar, taqwa, Iman, shukr, and du‘a’. And supplication is among the most important factors which cause bada’, as Allah, the Exalted, says:

“Call Me, I will answer you.”(1)

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on the inheritance of monotheism and monotheistic values within this family, generation after generation; and strengthening the relationship among the different links of this family.

Moreover, in introducing the symbolic and righteous men (salihin) of this family, there is an exemplar and pattern for the people in their lives.

4. “And mention in the Book Isma‘il. Indeed he was true to his promise, and an apostle and a prophet.”(1)

5. “And mention in the Book Idris. Indeed he was a truthful one, a prophet.”(2)

6. “And remember Our servant Dawud, the man of strength.”(3)

7. “And remember Our servant Ayyub, when he called out to his Lord, ‘The devil has visited on me hardship and torment.’”(4)

8. “And remember Our servants Ibrahim, Ishaq, and Ya‘qub, men of strength and insight. Indeed We purified them with the exclusiveness of the remembrance of the abode {of the Hereafter}.”(5)

9. “And remember Isma‘il, Alyasa‘, and Dhu al-Kifl, each {of whom was} among the elect.”(6)

2. Establishing a relation between the different links of this family, based on peace (salam) and removing rancour, hatred and jealousy from the generations of this family, and connecting their present to the past, the children to their parents, and the descendants to their ancestors. The relation on the basis of peace is the most distinct and the best of relations within any family. Allah, the Exalted, says:

1. “And We left for him a good name among posterity. Peace be to Nuh, throughout the nations!Thus indeed do We reward the virtuous. He is indeed one of Our faithful servants.”(7)

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2. “And We left for him a good name in posterity. Peace be to Ibrahim!”(1)

3. “And We left for them a good name in posterity. Peace be to Musa and Harun!”(2)

4. “And We left for him a good name in posterity. Peace be to Ilyas!”(3)

5. “And peace be to the apostles! All praise belong to Allah, Lord of all the worlds.”(4)